{"id":124940,"date":"1955-10-27T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1955-10-26T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/ananda-behera-and-another-vs-the-state-of-orissa-and-another-on-27-october-1955"},"modified":"2017-07-01T18:33:31","modified_gmt":"2017-07-01T13:03:31","slug":"ananda-behera-and-another-vs-the-state-of-orissa-and-another-on-27-october-1955","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/ananda-behera-and-another-vs-the-state-of-orissa-and-another-on-27-october-1955","title":{"rendered":"Ananda Behera And Another vs The State Of Orissa And Another on 27 October, 1955"},"content":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n
Ananda Behera And Another vs The State Of Orissa And Another on 27 October, 1955<\/div>\n
Equivalent citations: 1956 AIR 17, \t\t 1955 SCR (2) 919<\/div>\n
Author: V Bose<\/div>\n
Bench: Das, Sudhi Ranjan, Bose, Vivian, Jagannadhadas, B., Imam, Syed Jaffer, Aiyar, N. Chandrasekhara<\/div>\n
           PETITIONER:\nANANDA BEHERA AND ANOTHER\n\n\tVs.\n\nRESPONDENT:\nTHE STATE OF ORISSA AND ANOTHER.\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT:\n27\/10\/1955\n\nBENCH:\nBOSE, VIVIAN\nBENCH:\nBOSE, VIVIAN\nAIYAR, N. CHANDRASEKHARA\nDAS, SUDHI RANJAN\nJAGANNADHADAS, B.\nIMAM, SYED JAFFER\n\nCITATION:\n 1956 AIR   17\t\t  1955 SCR  (2) 919\n\n\nACT:\nFundamental  Rights,  Enforcement of-Oral  sale\t of  fishery\nrights for future years by owner of estate before it  vested\nin  the State by legislation-Nature of such rights-Profit  a\nprendre,   if\timmovable  property   requiring\t  registered\ninstrument for transfer--Such sale, if creates any right  to\nproperty-Non-recognition  by the State, if transgresses\t any\nfundamental  rights  Constitution  of  India,  Arts.   19(1)\n(f).31(1)-Orissa Estates Abolition Act, 1951 Orissa Act I of\n1952)-Transfer of Property Act (IV of 1882), s. 54.\n920\n\n\n\nHEADNOTE:\nThe  petitioners  obtained oral licenses  for  catching\t and\nappropriating  fish  from specified sections of\t the  Chilka\nLake from its proprietor, the Raja of Parikud, on payment of\nheavy  sums  and obtained receipts in  accordance  with\t the\nprevailing  practice.\tThis was before the passing  of\t the\nOrissa\tEstates Abolition Act of 1951 by which ownership  of\nthe  estate  vested in the State of Orissa.   The  licenses,\nhowever,  were\tin  respect  of\t years\tsubsequent  to\tsuch\nvesting.  The State of Orissa refused to recognise them\t and\nwas  seeking  to  reaction  the\t rights\t of  fishery.\t The\npetitioners  contended that it had thereby infringed or\t was\nabout  to  infringe  their fundamental\trights\tunder  Arts.\n19(1)(f) and 31(1) of the Constitution and claimed that\t the\ntransactions being sales of future goods, namely, the  fish,\nthe  Act  which was confined to immovable  property  had  no\napplication.  Held, that the right sought to be acquired  by\nthe  petitioners  by  their several  purchases\twas  not  in\nrespect\t of  any future goods as claimed by them but  was  a\nlicense\t to enter on the land coupled with a grant to  catch\nand carry away the fish, in other words, a profit a  prendre\nwhich  is  immovable  property within  the  meaning  of\t the\nTransfer  of Property Act read with s. 3(25) of the  General\nClauses Act.  Accordingly s. 54 of the former Act applies.\nThat as the sale of the profit a prendre in the present cage\nwas valued at more than one hundred rupees and was  effected\nwithout writing and registration it contravened s. 54 of the\nTransfer  of  Property\tAct, and so  no\t title\tor  interest\ntherein passed to the petitioners and consequently, they bad\nno fundamental rights to enforce.\nFirm Chhotabhai Jethabai Patel & Co. v. The State of  Madhya\nPradesh,<\/a>   ([1953]  S.C.R.  476),  distinguished  and\theld\ninapplicable.\nThat  it  was not necessary in the present  case  to  decide\nwhether\t the  contract was property within  the\t meaning  of\nArts.  19(1)(f)\t and 31(1), but assuming it to\tbe  so,\t the\nState has not taken such property away from the\t petitioners\nor  prevented them from acquiring, holding or  disposing  of\nit.  The State merely refuses to recognise the contract\t and\nrefuses\t to  consider itself bound by it.  That may  give  a\ncause  of  action  for\ta  suit\t on  the  contract  but\t  no\nfundamental right arises as the State has not confiscated or\nacquired  or  taken possession of the contract\tas  such  by\nclaiming any benefits under it.\n\n\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Petition No. 286 of 1955.
\nUnder Article 32 of the Constitution for the enforcement  of
\nFundamental Rights.\n<\/p>\n
H.Mahapatra and G. C. Mathur, for the petitioners.
\nC.   K. Daphtary, Solicitor-Generalfor India, (Porus A. Mehta
\nand P. G. Gokhale, with him), for respondent No. 1.\n<\/p>\n
921<\/span><\/p>\n
1955.  October 27.  The Judgment of the Court was  delivered
\nby
\nBOSE  J.-This judgment will also govern Petitions Nos.\t287,
\n288,  289  and 304 of 1955.  We will set out  the  facts  in
\nPetition  No.  286  of 1955.  The  others  follow  the\tsame
\npattern.\n<\/p>\n
The dispute is about fishery rights in the Chilka lake which
\nis  situate  in\t what was once the estate  of  the  Raja  of
\nParikud.   This estate vested in the State of  Orissa  under
\nthe  Orissa  Estates Abolition Act, 1951 (Orissa  Act  I  of
\n1952)  on  24-9-1953  and has now ceased  to  exist  in\t its
\noriginal form.\tThe Act came into force on 9-2-1952.
\nThe  further facts are set out in paragraphs 2 and 3 of\t the
\npetition in the following terms:\n<\/p>\n
“That the petitioners carry on the business of catching\t and
\nselling\t fish particularly. from fisheries within  the\tsaid
\nlake.\n<\/p>\n
That  long before the vesting of the estate the\t petitioners
\nhad  entered  into contracts with the exproprietor  and\t had
\nobtained from the latter, on payment of heavy sums, licences
\nfor  catching  and  appropriating  all\tthe  fish  from\t the
\nfisheries detailed in the schedule given in the accompanying
\naffidavit   and\t had  ,obtained\t receipts  on\tpayment\t  in
\naccordance with the prevailing practice”.
\nThe  lake  is  divided into sections and  this\tpetition  is
\nconcerned with four of them.  The licenses relating to\tthem
\nwere purchased as follows:\n<\/p>\n
I   On 30-7-50 for rights in Gerasar
\nPrawn for\t\t 1955-56\n<\/p>\n
2.   On 2-8-50 for rights in Jayamal
\nPrawn for\t\t 1955-56\n<\/p>\n
3.   On 18-9-51 for rights in Solakudi
\nPrawn for\t\t 1955-56\n<\/p>\n
4.   On 6-5-52 for rights in Jayamal
\nChungudi for\t\t (1956-57
\n(1957-58
\n(1958-59
\nIt  will  be  seen that though the  licenses  were  acquired
\nbefore the estate vested in the State of Orissa they
\n922<\/span>
\nwere for future years, all after the date of vesting.
\nThe State of Orissa refused to recognise these licenses\t and
\nwere  about  to re-auction the rights when  the\t petitioners
\nfiled the present petition seeking writs under article 32 on
\nthe  ground  that their fundamental  rights  under  articles
\n19(1)(f) and 31 (I) were, or were about to be, infringed.
\nThe first question that we have to determine is whether\t the
\npetitioners  acquired any rights or interests in  “property”
\nby their several “purchases”, as articles 19(1)(f) and 31(1)
\nare dependent on that.\n<\/p>\n
In   their   petition  the  petitioners\t  claim\t  that\t the
\ntransactions were sales of future goods, namely of the ,fish
\nin these sections of the lake, and that as fish is  moveable
\nproperty Orissa Act I of 1952 is not attracted as that, Act-
\nis  confined  to immoveable I property. ,We agree  with\t the
\nlearned Solicitor-General that if this is the basis of their
\nright, then their petition under article 32 is\tmisconceived
\nbecause\t until any fish is actually caught  the\t petitioners
\nwould not acquire any property in it.\n<\/p>\n
There can be no doubt that the lake is immoveable  -property
\nand  that it formed part of the Raja’s estate.\tAs  such  it
\nvested\tin  the State of Orissa when  the  notification\t was
\nissued\tunder the Act and with it vested the right that\t all
\nowners\tof  land have, to bar access to their land  and\t the
\nright to regulate, control and sell the fisheries on it.  If
\nthe petitioners’ rights are no more than the right to obtain
\nfuture\tgoods  under the Sale of Goods Act, then that  is  a
\npurely personal right arising out of a contract to which the
\nState  of Orissa is not a party and in, any event a  refusal
\nto  perform the contract that gives rise to that  right\t may
\namount\tto a breach of contract but cannot be regarded as  a
\nbreach of any fundamental right.  But though that is how the
\nmatter\tis  put in the petition we do not think\t that  is  a
\nproper approach to this case.\n<\/p>\n
The  facts disclosed in paragraph 3 of the petition make  it
\nclear  that what was sold was the right to catch  and  carry
\naway fish in specific sections of the lake over a  specified
\nfuture period.\tThat amounts to
\n923<\/span>
\na license to enter on the land coupled with a grant to catch
\nand  carry away the fish, that is to say, it is a  profit  a
\nprendre:  see  11  Halsbury’s  Laws  of\t England,  (Hailsham
\nEdition), pages 382 and 383.  In England this is regarded as
\nan  interest  in land (11 Halsbury’s Laws of  England,\tpage\n<\/p>\n
387)  because it is a right to take some profit of the\tsoil
\nfor the use of the owner of the right (page 382).  In  India
\nit is regarded as a benefit that arises out of the land\t and
\nas such is immoveable property.\n<\/p>\n
Section\t  3  (26)  of  the  General  Clauses   Act   defines
\n“immoveable  property” as including benefits that arise\t out
\nof  the land.  The Transfer of Property Act does not  define
\nthe  term  except to say that immoveable property  does\t not
\ninclude standing timber, growing crops or grass.  As fish do
\nnot  come under that category the definition in the  General
\nClauses Act applies and as a profit a prendre is regarded as
\na  benefit  arising  out  of land  it  follows\tthat  it  is
\nimmoveable  property within the meaning of the\tTransfer  of
\nProperty Act.\n<\/p>\n
Now  a\t“sale”\tis defined as a\t transfer  of  ownership  in
\nexchange  for  a  price paid or promised.   As\ta  profit  a
\nprendre\t is immoveable property and as in this case  it\t was
\npurchased for a price that was paid it requires writing\t and
\nregistration  because  of  section 54  of  the\tTransfer  of
\nProperty Act.  If a profit a prendre is regarded as tangible
\nimmoveable  property, then the “property” in this  case\t was
\nover  Rs.  100\tin  value.  If\tit  is\tintangible,  then  a
\nregistered instrument would be necessary whatever the value.
\nThe  “sales”  in  this case were  oral:\t there\twas  neither
\nwriting\t  nor  registration.   That  being  the\t case,\t the
\ntransactions passed no title or interest and accordingly the
\npetitioners have no fundamental right that they can enforce.
\nIt is necessary to advert to Firm Chhotabhai Jethabai  Patel
\n&  Co.\tv.  The State of Madhya Pradesh<\/a>(1)  and\t explain  it
\nbecause\t it was held there that a right to  “pluck,  collect
\nand carry away” tendu leaves does not give the owner of\t the
\nright any proprietary interest in the land and so that\tsort
\nof right was not an “en-\n<\/p>\n
(1)  [1963] S.C.R. 476.\n<\/p>\n
117<\/span>
\n924<\/span><\/p>\n
cumbrance”   within  the  meaning  of  the  Madhya   Pradesh
\nAbolition of Proprietary Rights Act.  But the contract there
\nwas to “pluck, collect and carry away” the leaves.  The only
\nkind  of  leaves that can be “plucked” are  those  that\t are
\ngrowing\t on  trees and it is evident that there\t must  be  a
\nfresh crop of leaves at periodic intervals.  That would make
\nit  a growing crop and a growing crop is expressly  exempted
\nfrom the definition of “immoveable property” in the Transfer
\nof Property Act.  That case is distinguishable and does\t not
\napply here.\n<\/p>\n
It was then argued that a contract is “property’ within\t the
\nmeaning of articles 19(1)(f) and 31(1).\t Again, we need\t not
\ndecide\tthis because even if it be assumed that it  is\tthat
\nkind  of  property  the State of Orissa has  not  taken\t the
\npetitioners’  contract\taway I from them or  prevented\tthem
\nfrom “acquiring, holding or disposing” of it.  They are free
\nto sue on it or to assign it if they want.  The State merely
\nsays,  as any other person might say: “I was not a party  to
\nthat contract.\tNeither its rights nor its liabilities\thave
\ndevolved on me and I refuse to recognise it or to assume the
\nobligations  of either contracting party”.  If the State  is
\nwrong  in its attitude that may give rise to a suit  against
\nit  for damages for breach of contract or possibly,  (though
\nwe  do\tnot say it would), to a right to  sue  for  specific
\nperformance;  but  no question under articles  19(1)(f)\t and
\n31(1)  can  arise because the State has not  confiscated  or
\nacquired or taken possession of the contract as such.  If it
\nhad  it would have claimed the benefits under it.  It  would
\nhave  taken the money that the petitioners paid to the\tRaja
\nfrom   the  Raja  or  demanded\tit  over  again\t  from\t the
\npetitioners.   But it is not doing that.  It simply  refuses
\nto recognise the existence of the contract.
\nThe petition fails and is dismissed with costs.\n<\/p>\n
925<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India Ananda Behera And Another vs The State Of Orissa And Another on 27 October, 1955 Equivalent citations: 1956 AIR 17, 1955 SCR (2) 919 Author: V Bose Bench: Das, Sudhi Ranjan, Bose, Vivian, Jagannadhadas, B., Imam, Syed Jaffer, Aiyar, N. Chandrasekhara PETITIONER: ANANDA BEHERA AND ANOTHER Vs. RESPONDENT: THE STATE OF […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-124940","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"\nAnanda Behera And Another vs The State Of Orissa And Another on 27 October, 1955 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court & High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/ananda-behera-and-another-vs-the-state-of-orissa-and-another-on-27-october-1955\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ananda Behera And Another vs The State Of Orissa And Another on 27 October, 1955 - 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