{"id":128967,"date":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1996-04-30T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/mahabir-choudhary-etc-vs-state-of-bihar-on-1-may-1996"},"modified":"2016-10-19T18:46:34","modified_gmt":"2016-10-19T13:16:34","slug":"mahabir-choudhary-etc-vs-state-of-bihar-on-1-may-1996","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/mahabir-choudhary-etc-vs-state-of-bihar-on-1-may-1996","title":{"rendered":"Mahabir Choudhary Etc vs State Of Bihar on 1 May, 1996"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"docsource_main\">Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_title\">Mahabir Choudhary Etc vs State Of Bihar on 1 May, 1996<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_bench\">Bench: Madan Mohan Punchhi, Cj, K.T. Thomas<\/div>\n<pre>           CASE NO.:\nAppeal (crl.)  228 of 1987\n\nPETITIONER:\nMAHABIR CHOUDHARY ETC.\n\nRESPONDENT:\nSTATE OF BIHAR\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT: 01\/05\/1996\n\nBENCH:\nMADAN MOHAN PUNCHHI, CJ &amp; K.T. THOMAS\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n<p>JUDGEMENT<\/p>\n<p>1996 SUPP. (2) SCR 165<\/p>\n<p>The Judgment of the Court was delivered by.\n<\/p>\n<p>THOMAS, J. Thirteen persons were arraigned in the trial court to face<br \/>\nCharges for offences including Section 302 read with Section 149 of IPC,<br \/>\nout of which Sessions Court convicted only four of the offences under<br \/>\nSection 304 Part 1 of IPC and Section 25(1) of the Indian Arms Act. Others<br \/>\nwere acquitted. The convicted persons were sentenced to rigorous<br \/>\nimprisonment for 5 years each on the first count and rigorous imprisonment<br \/>\nfor 6 months each on the second count. They filed appeal before the Patna<br \/>\nHigh Court. The State of Bihar Filed another appeal challenging acquittal<br \/>\nof 9 accused as well as the order exonerating the convicted persons of the<br \/>\noffence under Section 302 IPC. At the appellate stage there was reversal of<br \/>\nfortune for all the arraigned persons as the High Court found all of them<br \/>\nguilty under Section 302 read with Section 149 IPC. Hence the present<br \/>\nappeals by the accused persons by special leave.\n<\/p>\n<p>We are informed that during the pendency of these appeals two of the.<br \/>\nAppellants, (Sheonandan Choudhary and Ram Ishwar Choudhary) have expired,<br \/>\nit is also reported that appellant Ganesh Choudhary has become insane and<br \/>\nhas gone out of his house and his whereabouts are not known.\n<\/p>\n<p>The incident which led to the prosecution of all the 13 appellants happened<br \/>\nduring the morning hour&#8217;s on 15.10.1974, in which three persons.  (1.<br \/>\nDaroga, 2. Kewal and 3. Hit Narain) died. All the deceased hailed from a<br \/>\nvillage called Malpura which is situate a little north of Kusi Village. A<br \/>\nwater stream staring form another village (Parsar Ahar &#8211; situated south of<br \/>\nKusi Village) flowed north wards reaching upto Kusi. Appellant are in-<br \/>\nhabitants of Kusi Village. As there was acute drought condition, people of<br \/>\nMalpura were in need of water.\n<\/p>\n<p>Prosecution case, in short, is thus: this three deceased visited. Kusi<br \/>\nVillage on the eve of the occurrence and cut open a bund which blocked the<br \/>\nwater flowing further north. This act of the deceased was questioned by<br \/>\nsome of the appellants. But their protestations were not heeded to by the<br \/>\ndeceased. On the morning of 15.10.1974, situation further deteriorated with<br \/>\nexchange of words between the two factions when those hailing from. Malpura<br \/>\nforcefully resisted the attempt of the appellants to restore the bund. All<br \/>\nthe appellants gathered up with guns, lathis, etc. The four Appellants, Who<br \/>\nwere convicted by the trial court used guns to fire down one or the other<br \/>\nof the three deceased and consequently the deceased died of gun shot<br \/>\ninjuries. The remaining persons who came from Malpura Village retreated and<br \/>\nfled from, the Scene.\n<\/p>\n<p>Learned Sessions Judge found that the prosecution succeeded in establishing<br \/>\nthat the four convicted persons fired gun at the deceased. However, learned<br \/>\nSessions Judge took the view that appellants had right of private defence<br \/>\nof property as deceased committed mischief by cutting open the bund to<br \/>\nblock the water flow. But the trial Court further found that -the four<br \/>\nconvicted persons who used firearms had exceeded their right of private<br \/>\ndefence and hence they were convicted only of the offence under Section 304<br \/>\nPart I of l PC.\n<\/p>\n<p>The High Court, in reversal of the above findings, concluded that all the<br \/>\n13 accused had formed themselves into an unlawful assembly with the common<br \/>\nobject of murdering [he three deceased and that none hat the right of<br \/>\nprivate defence at the relevant time;\n<\/p>\n<p>We have no reason to disturb the finding that four appellants had used guns<br \/>\nand shot down the three diseased. So the only question for our<br \/>\nConsideration is whether, the High Court was justified in denying initial.<br \/>\nright of private defence to these appellants.\n<\/p>\n<p>Learned Judges of the High Court have observed :\n<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Even if mischief had Been committed by Malpura people the same Was<br \/>\ncontinuing for three days preceding the occurrence, and hence there was-no<br \/>\noccasion for them to taker law into their own hands for attacking Malpura<br \/>\npeople.&#8221;\n<\/p>\n<p>High Court farther pointed out from evidence that a cut portion of the bund<br \/>\nwas filled up by Kusi people and there was so me altercation and exchange<br \/>\nof abusive word, and when Malpura people, came shouting, some of them<br \/>\ncarrying lathis, the four accused took out their guns which they had<br \/>\nconcealed in the paddy filed and started firing indiscriminately. The High<br \/>\nCourt then proceeded to observe thus:\n<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;In such a situation it is difficult to accept that the accused persons<br \/>\nwere protected by the right of private defence of person and property. So<br \/>\nfar as: property is concerned mischief was caused to the property but it<br \/>\nwas not caused under such circumstances as may reasonably cause<br \/>\napprehension in the minds of the accused persons that death or grievous<br \/>\nhurt will be the consequence if such right of private defence-was not<br \/>\nexercised.&#8221;\n<\/p>\n<p>The High Court further observed that simply &#8216;because some, persons came<br \/>\nshouting from Village Malpura was not enough to give rise to a reasonable<br \/>\napprehension that grievous hurt would be; inflicted to the accused.\n<\/p>\n<p>Section 97 IPC recognises right of a person not only to defend his own or<br \/>\nanother&#8217;s body but to defend his own or another&#8217;s property even against an<br \/>\nattempt to inflict any offensive act as against the property. It is now<br \/>\nwell-settled that the rule of retreat Which Common Law Courts espoused is<br \/>\nnot relevant under the Indian Penal Code. If a man&#8217;s property is in<br \/>\nimminent danger of being impaired or attacked he has the right to resort to<br \/>\nsuch measures as would be reasonably necessary to thwart the attempt to<br \/>\nprotect his properly. in <a href=\"\/doc\/1046645\/\">Jai Dev v. State of Punjab,<\/a> (1963) 1Crl. L.J. 495=<br \/>\nAIR 1963 SC 612, this Court has observed that in India there is no rule<br \/>\nwhich expects a man to run away when confronted with a situation where he.<br \/>\ncan exercise his right of private defence.\n<\/p>\n<p>No doubt Section 103I.PC, which deals with right of private defence as<br \/>\nagainst an act which might be mischief or theft or criminal trespass,<br \/>\nconditions that there should be reasonable apprehension that death or<br \/>\ngrievous hurt would otherwise be the consequence. But that provision deals<br \/>\nwith the farthest extent of the right of private defence as against the<br \/>\nabove three categories of wrong against the property. But a man pitted<br \/>\nagainst such wrongs or even against attempts thereof need not wait for<br \/>\nexercising right of private defence untill the apprehension of death of<br \/>\ngrievous hurt is burgeoned in his mind Penal Code envisages two measures of<br \/>\nright private defence. One is the first degree which shall not reach upto<br \/>\ncausing of death of the wrong doer. The other is the full measure which may<br \/>\ngo upto causing death. Both measures are, however, subjected to the<br \/>\nrestrictions enumerated in Section 99. Section 104 IPC contains the bridle<br \/>\nthat right of private defence shall not cross the limit of first degree as<br \/>\nagainst acts which would remain as theft mischief or criminal trespass. But<br \/>\nSection 103 recognises extension of the said right upto the full measure,<br \/>\neven as against the aforesaid acts but only if such acts or their attempts<br \/>\nare capable of inculcating reasonable apprehension in the mind that death<br \/>\nor grievous hurt would be the consequence if the right is not exercised in<br \/>\nsuch full measure.\n<\/p>\n<p>The emerging position is, you have the first degree of right of private<br \/>\ndefence even if the wrong committed or attempted to be committed against<br \/>\nyou is theft or mischief or criminal trespass simplicitor. This right of<br \/>\nprivate defence cannot be used to kill the wrong doer unless you have<br \/>\nreasonable cause to fear that Otherwise death or grievous hurt might ensue<br \/>\nin which case you have the full measure of right of private defence.\n<\/p>\n<p>When the acts of Malpura People amounted to mischief, appellants had aright<br \/>\nof private defence the thwart to same. In the course of exercise of such<br \/>\nright appellants who gunned down the mischief-makers have obviously acted<br \/>\nfar in excess of the right of private defence. Nonetheless the first degree<br \/>\nof right of private defence cannot be denied to them.\n<\/p>\n<p>We are, therefore, of the view that the High Court was in error in holding<br \/>\nthat appellants had no right of private defence at any stage. Trial Court<br \/>\nwas correct in its approach regarding that aspect of the matter. we<br \/>\ntherefore, allow these appeals and set aside the Judgment of the High<br \/>\nCourt. The conviction and sentence passed by the Session Court will stand.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supreme Court of India Mahabir Choudhary Etc vs State Of Bihar on 1 May, 1996 Bench: Madan Mohan Punchhi, Cj, K.T. Thomas CASE NO.: Appeal (crl.) 228 of 1987 PETITIONER: MAHABIR CHOUDHARY ETC. RESPONDENT: STATE OF BIHAR DATE OF JUDGMENT: 01\/05\/1996 BENCH: MADAN MOHAN PUNCHHI, CJ &amp; K.T. THOMAS JUDGMENT: JUDGEMENT 1996 SUPP. (2) SCR [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-128967","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mahabir Choudhary Etc vs State Of Bihar on 1 May, 1996 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court &amp; High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/mahabir-choudhary-etc-vs-state-of-bihar-on-1-may-1996\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mahabir Choudhary Etc vs State Of Bihar on 1 May, 1996 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court &amp; 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