{"id":145115,"date":"2010-07-23T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2010-07-22T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/d-a-v-boys-sr-sec-school-vs-dav-college-managing-committee-on-23-july-2010"},"modified":"2018-07-23T18:05:37","modified_gmt":"2018-07-23T12:35:37","slug":"d-a-v-boys-sr-sec-school-vs-dav-college-managing-committee-on-23-july-2010","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/d-a-v-boys-sr-sec-school-vs-dav-college-managing-committee-on-23-july-2010","title":{"rendered":"D.A.V.Boys Sr.Sec.School &#8230; vs Dav College Managing Committee on 23 July, 2010"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"docsource_main\">Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_title\">D.A.V.Boys Sr.Sec.School &#8230; vs Dav College Managing Committee on 23 July, 2010<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_author\">Author: P Sathasivam<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_bench\">Bench: P. Sathasivam, Anil R. Dave<\/div>\n<pre>                                                           REPORTABLE\n\n              IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA\n\n                CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION\n\n     TRANSFER PETITION (CIVIL) NOS. 1233-1237 OF 2008\n\n\nD.A.V. Boys Sr. Sec. School Etc.Etc.        .... Petitioner(s)\n\n            Versus\n\nDAV College Managing Committee              .... Respondent(s)\n\n\n                             WITH\n\n        TRANSFER PETITION (C) NOS. 243-244 OF 2009\n\n                              AND\n\n          TRANSFER PETITION (C) NO. 667 OF 2009\n\n\n\n\n                          JUDGMENT\n<\/pre>\n<p>P. Sathasivam, J.\n<\/p>\n<p>1)     The petitioners in Transfer Petition (Civil) Nos. 1233-<\/p>\n<p>1237 of 2008 and 243-244 of 2009 are schools run by the<\/p>\n<p>Tamil Nadu Arya Samaj Education Society (in short &#8220;the<\/p>\n<p>Society&#8221;)    which   is   registered   under   the    Societies<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                                 1<\/span><br \/>\nRegistration Act, 1860. According to the petitioners, the<\/p>\n<p>Society was registered on 02.01.1975 and has been<\/p>\n<p>running and managing schools for the last more than 30<\/p>\n<p>years. The schools are being run under a specific system<\/p>\n<p>of education propounded by &#8220;Swami Dayanand Saraswati&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>known as &#8220;Dayanand Anglo Vedic&#8221; system (in short<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;DAV&#8221;).   The petitioners have been using the expression<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;DAV&#8221; with its schools for the last more than 30 years.<\/p>\n<p>The   respondent-Committee     is   running   about      700<\/p>\n<p>educational institutions. On 16.01.2005, the respondent-<\/p>\n<p>Committee has obtained a trademark registration in<\/p>\n<p>respect of the letters &#8220;DAV&#8221; and &#8220;Dayanand Anglo Vedic&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>under Class 41 which is a service mark. On 04.08.2008,<\/p>\n<p>the   respondent-Committee    issued   a   notice   to   the<\/p>\n<p>petitioners of &#8220;cease and desist&#8221;, namely, the petitioners<\/p>\n<p>should not use the words &#8220;DAV&#8221; for its schools.          On<\/p>\n<p>25.08.2008, the petitioners through their advocate replied<\/p>\n<p>to the said notice informing that the schools are being run<\/p>\n<p>by the Society for the last 38 years with the words &#8220;DAV&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                           2<\/span><br \/>\nThe respondent-Committee filed four suits under Section<\/p>\n<p>134 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 before the District<\/p>\n<p>Court, Tis Hazari, Delhi against various schools run by<\/p>\n<p>the Society at Chennai individually without making the<\/p>\n<p>Society as a party.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>2)   Transfer Petition (Civil) No. 667 of 2009 is filed by<\/p>\n<p>another petitioner from Chennai alleging that it is running<\/p>\n<p>and managing a school using the expression &#8220;DAV&#8221; for<\/p>\n<p>more than 24 years.    It also raised similar plea seeking<\/p>\n<p>transfer of suit No.417 of 2008 titled DAV College<\/p>\n<p>Managing Committee vs. Dayanand Anglo Vedic School<\/p>\n<p>pending in Tis Hazari Court, Delhi to the original side<\/p>\n<p>jurisdiction of the High Court of Madras.<\/p>\n<p>3)   Opposing the transfer petitions, the respondent-<\/p>\n<p>Committee which has filed suits at Delhi has highlighted<\/p>\n<p>that it is a duly registered society with the Registrar of<\/p>\n<p>Societies under the Societies Registration Act, XXI of<\/p>\n<p>1860.     Dayanand    Anglo   Vedic   College   Trust   and<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                          3<\/span><br \/>\nManagement Society is a charitable Educational Society<\/p>\n<p>founded by a few good people and followers of His<\/p>\n<p>Holiness Swami Dayanand Saraswati to spread his<\/p>\n<p>teachings    and    Principals    of    Arya     Samaj     including<\/p>\n<p>Mahatma Hasraj and Master Sewaram. At present, they<\/p>\n<p>are   managing      about      700     educational       institutions<\/p>\n<p>throughout India.          The defendant which is a school<\/p>\n<p>situated in Chennai in the State of Tamil Nadu without<\/p>\n<p>the consent and approval of the plaintiff dishonestly and<\/p>\n<p>with mala fide intention to earn goodwill and reputation of<\/p>\n<p>the   plaintiff-society,    started    running    an   educational<\/p>\n<p>institution under the name and style DAV by infringing<\/p>\n<p>the registered trade mark and passing off the copy right of<\/p>\n<p>the plaintiff-society by using its acronym DAV in the<\/p>\n<p>similar\/deceptively similar manner as of the plaintiff.<\/p>\n<p>4)    Heard Mr. Mukul Rohatgi, learned senior counsel for<\/p>\n<p>the petitioners in T.P. (C) Nos. 1233-1237 of 2008 and<\/p>\n<p>243-244 of 2009, Ms. Gladys Daniel, learned counsel for<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                                    4<\/span><br \/>\npetitioner in T.P. (C) No. 667 of 2009 and Mr. Ranjit<\/p>\n<p>Kumar, learned senior counsel for the respondent-<\/p>\n<p>Committee.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>5)          The petitioners have filed these petitions praying to<\/p>\n<p>transfer the suits filed by the respondent-Committee<\/p>\n<p>pending before Tis Hazari Courts, Delhi to the City Civil<\/p>\n<p>Court, Chennai, Tamil Nadu on the following grounds:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>     (i)           That no cause of action has arisen at Delhi;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>     (ii)       That the petitioners do not have any school at<\/p>\n<p>                Delhi;\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>     (iii)      That     there   are   large   number   of   students<\/p>\n<p>                studying in these schools who have been made<\/p>\n<p>                defendants by the Committee in the suits filed at<\/p>\n<p>                Delhi and all of them are in Chennai;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>     (iv)       The Secretary of the Society since the very<\/p>\n<p>                inception, Mr. S. Jaidev, who is of the age of 84<\/p>\n<p>                years and being very old, it is difficult for him to<\/p>\n<p>                come to Delhi.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p>\n<span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                                    5<\/span>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>     (v)       Most of the witnesses to be examined on the side<\/p>\n<p>               of the petitioners\/defendants are in Tamil Nadu<\/p>\n<p>               and they are conversant with the language of<\/p>\n<p>               Tamil only. Likewise most of the documents are<\/p>\n<p>               in Tamil and it is difficult to mark the same in<\/p>\n<p>               the proceedings at Delhi.\n<\/p>\n<p>     (vi)      The petitioner in Transfer Petition No. 667 of<\/p>\n<p>               2009 also contended that the person who is<\/p>\n<p>               managing the affairs of their society is aged<\/p>\n<p>               about 71 years and it is difficult for him to<\/p>\n<p>               attend the hearing at Delhi.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>6)         The respondent-Committee, while denying all the<\/p>\n<p>claims of the petitioners, highlighted that in view of the<\/p>\n<p>fact that about 700 institutions have been spread all over<\/p>\n<p>India if the suits filed at Delhi are transferred to Chennai<\/p>\n<p>as claimed, there is likelihood of similar petitions by<\/p>\n<p>others particularly from other States and as on date 50<\/p>\n<p>other suits are pending in different States.         It is also<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                              6<\/span><br \/>\nstated that the President who is running the Trust at<\/p>\n<p>Delhi is aged about 95 years.         It is also contended that<\/p>\n<p>considering the relief prayed for and the suits having been<\/p>\n<p>filed under Section 134 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 on<\/p>\n<p>the jurisdiction point the Court at Delhi alone is<\/p>\n<p>competent to try the same.           The allegation relating to<\/p>\n<p>inconvenience due to language is applicable to the<\/p>\n<p>respondent also and prayed for dismissal of all the<\/p>\n<p>transfer petitions.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>7)   In order to appreciate the rival contentions, it is<\/p>\n<p>useful to refer Section 25 of the Civil Procedure Code<\/p>\n<p>which gives power to this Court to transfer suits etc.<\/p>\n<p>which reads thus:\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>     &#8220;25. Power of Supreme Court to transfer suits, etc. &#8211;<br \/>\n     (1) On the application of a party, and after notice to the<br \/>\n     parties, and after hearing such of them as desire to be<br \/>\n     heard, the Supreme Court may, at any stage, if satisfied<br \/>\n     that an order under this section is expedient for the<br \/>\n     ends of justice, direct that any suit, appeal or other<br \/>\n     proceeding be transferred from a High Court or other<br \/>\n     Civil Court in one State to a High Court or other Civil<br \/>\n     Court in any other State.&#8221;\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                                  7<\/span>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>8)   Transfer of suits under Sections 24 and 25 have been<\/p>\n<p>considered by this Court in various decisions. <a href=\"\/doc\/1572431\/\">In Maneka<\/p>\n<p>Sanjay Gandhi v. Rani Jethmalani,<\/a> (1979) 4 SCC 167,<\/p>\n<p>this Court stated: (SCC p. 169, para 2)<\/p>\n<p>     &#8220;2. Assurance of a fair trial is the first imperative of the<br \/>\n     dispensation of justice and the central criterion for the<br \/>\n     court to consider when a motion for transfer is made is<br \/>\n     not the hypersensitivity or relative convenience of a<br \/>\n     party or easy availability of legal services or like mini<br \/>\n     grievances.   Something       more     substantial,    more<br \/>\n     compelling, more imperilling, from the point of view of<br \/>\n     public justice and its attendant environment, is<br \/>\n     necessitous if the Court is to exercise its power of<br \/>\n     transfer. This is the cardinal principle although the<br \/>\n     circumstances may be myriad and vary from case to<br \/>\n     case.&#8221;                                (Emphasis supplied)<\/p>\n<p>9)   Similarly     in   <a href=\"\/doc\/1559770\/\">Subramaniam           Swamy        (Dr.)    V.<\/p>\n<p>Ramakrishna Hegde,<\/a> (1990) 1 SCC 4 dealing with power<\/p>\n<p>of this Court to transfer a case under Section 25 of the<\/p>\n<p>Code, A.M. Ahmadi, J. (as His Lordship then was) stated:<\/p>\n<p>(SCC p. 9, para 8)<\/p>\n<p>     &#8220;8. Under the old section the State Government was<br \/>\n     empowered to transfer a suit, appeal or other<br \/>\n     proceeding pending in the High Court of that State to<br \/>\n     any other High Court on receipt of a report from the<br \/>\n     Judge trying or hearing the suit that there existed<br \/>\n     reasonable grounds for such transfer provided that the<br \/>\n     State Government of the State in which the other High<br \/>\n     Court had its principal seat consented to the transfer.<br \/>\n     The present Section 25 confers the power of transfer on<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                                     8<\/span><br \/>\n     the Supreme Court and is of wider amplitude. Under the<br \/>\n     present provision the Supreme Court is empowered at<br \/>\n     any stage to transfer any suit, appeal or other<br \/>\n     proceeding from a High Court or other civil court in one<br \/>\n     State to a High Court or other civil court of another<br \/>\n     State if it is satisfied that such an order is expedient for<br \/>\n     the ends of justice. The cardinal principle for the<br \/>\n     exercise of power under this section is that the ends of<br \/>\n     justice demand the transfer of the suit, appeal or other<br \/>\n     proceeding. The question of expediency would depend<br \/>\n     on the facts and circumstances of each case but the<br \/>\n     paramount consideration for the exercise of power must<br \/>\n     be to meet the ends of justice. It is true that if more<br \/>\n     than one court has jurisdiction under the Code to try<br \/>\n     the suit, the plaintiff as dominus litis has a right to<br \/>\n     choose the court and the defendant cannot demand that<br \/>\n     the suit be tried in any particular court convenient to<br \/>\n     him. The mere convenience of the parties or any one of<br \/>\n     them may not be enough for the exercise of power but it<br \/>\n     must also be shown that trial in the chosen forum will<br \/>\n     result in denial of justice. Cases are not unknown where<br \/>\n     a party seeking justice chooses a forum most<br \/>\n     inconvenient to the adversary with a view to depriving<br \/>\n     that party of a fair trial. Parliament has, therefore,<br \/>\n     invested this Court with the discretion to transfer the<br \/>\n     case from one court to another if that is considered<br \/>\n     expedient to meet the ends of justice. Words of wide<br \/>\n     amplitude&#8211;for the ends of justice&#8211;have been advisedly<br \/>\n     used to leave the matter to the discretion of the Apex<br \/>\n     Court as it is not possible to conceive of all situations<br \/>\n     requiring or justifying the exercise of power. But the<br \/>\n     paramount consideration must be to see that justice<br \/>\n     according to law is done; if for achieving that objective<br \/>\n     the transfer of the case is imperative, there should be no<br \/>\n     hesitation to transfer the case even if it is likely to cause<br \/>\n     some inconvenience to the plaintiff. The petitioner&#8217;s plea<br \/>\n     for the transfer of the case must be tested on this<br \/>\n     touchstone.&#8221;                       (Emphasis supplied)<\/p>\n<p>10) In Kulwinder Kaur alias <a href=\"\/doc\/683748\/\">Kulwinder Gurcharan<\/p>\n<p>Singh vs. Kandi Friends Education Trust and Others,<\/a><\/p>\n<p>(2008) 3 SCC 659, this Court considered various tests to<\/p>\n<p>be applied in respect of transfer of suits under Sections 24<\/p>\n<p>and 25 of the Code and in para 23 observed thus:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                                     9<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>     23. Reading Sections 24 and 25 of the Code together<br \/>\n     and keeping in view various judicial pronouncements,<br \/>\n     certain broad propositions as to what may constitute a<br \/>\n     ground for transfer have been laid down by courts. They<br \/>\n     are balance of convenience or inconvenience to the<br \/>\n     plaintiff or the defendant or witnesses; convenience or<br \/>\n     inconvenience of a particular place of trial having regard<br \/>\n     to the nature of evidence on the points involved in the<br \/>\n     suit; issues raised by the parties; reasonable<br \/>\n     apprehension in the mind of the litigant that he might<br \/>\n     not get justice in the court in which the suit is pending;<br \/>\n     important questions of law involved or a considerable<br \/>\n     section of public interested in the litigation; &#8220;interest of<br \/>\n     justice&#8221; demanding for transfer of suit, appeal or other<br \/>\n     proceeding, etc. Above are some of the instances which<br \/>\n     are germane in considering the question of transfer of a<br \/>\n     suit, appeal or other proceeding. They are, however,<br \/>\n     illustrative in nature and by no means be treated as<br \/>\n     exhaustive. If on the above or other relevant<br \/>\n     considerations, the court feels that the plaintiff or the<br \/>\n     defendant is not likely to have a &#8220;fair trial&#8221; in the court<br \/>\n     from which he seeks to transfer a case, it is not only the<br \/>\n     power, but the duty of the court to make such order.<\/p>\n<p>11) Section 25 of the Code itself makes it clear that if any<\/p>\n<p>application is made for transfer, after notice to the parties,<\/p>\n<p>if the Court is satisfied that an order of transfer is<\/p>\n<p>expedient for the ends of justice necessary direction may<\/p>\n<p>be issued for transfer of any suit, appeal or other<\/p>\n<p>proceedings from a High Court or other Civil Court in one<\/p>\n<p>State to another High Court or other Civil Court in any<\/p>\n<p>other State. In order to maintain fair trial, this Court can<\/p>\n<p>exercise this power and transfer the proceedings to an<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                                    10<\/span><br \/>\nappropriate Court.   The mere convenience of the parties<\/p>\n<p>may not be enough for the exercise of power but it must<\/p>\n<p>also be shown that trial in the chosen forum will result in<\/p>\n<p>denial of justice.   Further illustrations are, balance of<\/p>\n<p>convenience or inconvenience to the plaintiff or the<\/p>\n<p>defendant or witnesses and reasonable apprehension in<\/p>\n<p>the mind of the litigant that he might not get justice in the<\/p>\n<p>Court in which suit is pending.       The above-mentioned<\/p>\n<p>instances are only illustrative in nature. In the interest of<\/p>\n<p>justice and to adherence of fair trial, this Court exercises<\/p>\n<p>its discretion and order transfer in a suit or appeal or<\/p>\n<p>other proceedings.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>12)   In the light of the above principles, let us consider<\/p>\n<p>the claim of the parties. We have already referred to the<\/p>\n<p>fact that the respondent-Committee has instituted various<\/p>\n<p>suits at Delhi under Section 134 of the Trade Marks Act<\/p>\n<p>impleading the petitioners herein as defendants.         The<\/p>\n<p>respondent has also pointed out that more than 50 suits<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                           11<\/span><br \/>\nhave been pending all over India. Though the petitioners<\/p>\n<p>have raised the problem of distance, language and age of<\/p>\n<p>the President\/Secretary of their respective Trust, we are of<\/p>\n<p>the view that same hurdles are applicable to the<\/p>\n<p>respondent also if their suits are being transferred outside<\/p>\n<p>Delhi. It is true that the petitioners who are defendants in<\/p>\n<p>order to defend their case necessarily have to spend<\/p>\n<p>sometime at Delhi. However, in view of the amendment<\/p>\n<p>made in the Code of Civil Procedure in respect of recording<\/p>\n<p>evidence and of the fact that Delhi being a Capital of this<\/p>\n<p>country and the petitioners who are running educational<\/p>\n<p>institutions have to visit this place for their official work,<\/p>\n<p>we are satisfied that balance of convenience and all other<\/p>\n<p>attended circumstances are not in favour of the petitioners<\/p>\n<p>transferring the suit to their place. As rightly pointed out<\/p>\n<p>by learned senior counsel for the respondent, if the<\/p>\n<p>request of the petitioners are acceded to, taking note of<\/p>\n<p>the fact that their institutions numbering more than 700<\/p>\n<p>have been spread over India and 50 other suits are<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                            12<\/span><br \/>\npending in various places, it would be more difficult for<\/p>\n<p>the respondent\/plaintiff to continue with their suits and<\/p>\n<p>in that event their sufferings would be more than the<\/p>\n<p>inconvenience to be caused by the petitioners\/defendants.<\/p>\n<p>13) We are also satisfied that it would be far more<\/p>\n<p>practical and in the best interest of the parties that the<\/p>\n<p>proceedings are conducted in Delhi.        Further, if the<\/p>\n<p>petitioners&#8217; claim is accepted, it would open floodgates for<\/p>\n<p>similarly placed persons infringing registered trade marks<\/p>\n<p>to approach this Court to transfer their suits to the<\/p>\n<p>locations convenient to themselves all over India and<\/p>\n<p>defeat the purpose of Section 134 of the Trade Marks Act<\/p>\n<p>which confers a jurisdiction with respect to a registered<\/p>\n<p>trade mark.     Since the issue relating to jurisdiction<\/p>\n<p>particularly whether Court at Delhi has jurisdiction or not<\/p>\n<p>is to be decided by the Trial Court, we are not expressing<\/p>\n<p>anything on the merits of their claims.\n<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                          13<\/span>\n<\/p>\n<p>14)   In the light of what has been stated above, we do not<\/p>\n<p>find any valid ground for transfer of the suits as claimed<\/p>\n<p>by the petitioners. Consequently, all the transfer petitions<\/p>\n<p>are dismissed.   However, we make it clear that we have<\/p>\n<p>not expressed anything on the merits of either parties and<\/p>\n<p>it is for them to plead and establish their respective case.<\/p>\n<p>No order as to costs.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>                               &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.J.<br \/>\n                               (P. SATHASIVAM)<\/p>\n<p>                              &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;J.<br \/>\n                              (ANIL R. DAVE)<br \/>\nNEW DELHI;\n<\/p>\n<p>JULY 23, 2010.\n<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">                                                                           14<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supreme Court of India D.A.V.Boys Sr.Sec.School &#8230; vs Dav College Managing Committee on 23 July, 2010 Author: P Sathasivam Bench: P. Sathasivam, Anil R. Dave REPORTABLE IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION TRANSFER PETITION (CIVIL) NOS. 1233-1237 OF 2008 D.A.V. Boys Sr. Sec. School Etc.Etc. &#8230;. Petitioner(s) Versus DAV College Managing Committee [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-145115","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>D.A.V.Boys Sr.Sec.School ... vs Dav College Managing Committee on 23 July, 2010 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court &amp; High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/d-a-v-boys-sr-sec-school-vs-dav-college-managing-committee-on-23-july-2010\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"D.A.V.Boys Sr.Sec.School ... vs Dav College Managing Committee on 23 July, 2010 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court &amp; 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