{"id":148200,"date":"2004-02-25T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2004-02-24T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/fertilizers-and-chemi-vs-law-society-of-india-ors-on-25-february-2004"},"modified":"2015-12-04T08:49:21","modified_gmt":"2015-12-04T03:19:21","slug":"fertilizers-and-chemi-vs-law-society-of-india-ors-on-25-february-2004","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/fertilizers-and-chemi-vs-law-society-of-india-ors-on-25-february-2004","title":{"rendered":"Fertilizers And Chemi. &#8230; vs Law Society Of India &amp; Ors on 25 February, 2004"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"docsource_main\">Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_title\">Fertilizers And Chemi. &#8230; vs Law Society Of India &amp; Ors on 25 February, 2004<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_author\">Author: Kapadia<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_bench\">Bench: Cji., V.N. Khare, S.H. Kapadia.<\/div>\n<pre>           CASE NO.:\nAppeal (civil)  1769 of 1994\n\nPETITIONER:\nFertilizers and Chemi. Travancore Ltd. Emp. Assoc. &amp; Ors.\n\nRESPONDENT:\nLaw Society of India &amp; Ors. \t\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT: 25\/02\/2004\n\nBENCH:\nCJI., V.N. KHARE &amp; S.H. KAPADIA.\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n<p>J U D G M E N T<\/p>\n<p>WITH <\/p>\n<p>C.A. No. 1770 of 1994 &amp; Civil Appeal No 4434 of 2004<br \/>\n@ SLP (c) CC No. 28455 of 1994<\/p>\n<p>Kapadia, J.\n<\/p>\n<p>Delay condoned.\n<\/p>\n<p>\tLeave granted in SLP (c)  ..CC No. 28455 of 1994.\n<\/p>\n<p>\tBy a voluminous judgment dated 14th February, 1994 in a<br \/>\npublic interest litigation instituted by Law Society of India a Division<br \/>\nBench  of the Kerala High Court  directed Fertilizers and Chemicals,<br \/>\nTravancore Ltd. to de-commission and empty the ammonia storage<br \/>\ntank at Willingdon Island within three months as the said tank  was<br \/>\nvulnerable to major leaks in the event of an air crash, sabotage and<br \/>\nearthquake.\n<\/p>\n<p>Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Ltd is a public sector<br \/>\nundertaking which manufactures chemicals fertilizers to the extent of<br \/>\n4% of total fertilizer production in the country.  Ammonia is the<br \/>\nchemical used as raw material in production of fertilizers like Urea,<br \/>\nAmmonium Sulphate and Ammonium Chloride.  Ammonia  imported<br \/>\nin special refrigerated ships   is stored in the  storage tank located in<br \/>\nWillingdon Island.  It is pumped  from the ships into the storage tank<br \/>\nat an atmospheric pressure.  The tank was designed in March, 1973<br \/>\nand it was commissioned in August, 1976 to receive liquid ammonia<br \/>\nfrom special refrigerated ships.  The ammonia stored in this tank is<br \/>\ntransferred into railway wagons which carry liquid ammonia to the<br \/>\nCochin Division of the company where it is stored in a bigger<br \/>\nammonia storage tank before it is pumped to various consuming<br \/>\nplants.   The complaint of the original petitioner was of massive<br \/>\nenvironmental pollution caused by the existence of the tank.  The<br \/>\noriginal petitioner anticipates devastating catastrophe of exterminating<br \/>\nlarge population of Willingdon Island and the city of Cochin in the<br \/>\nevent of a major leak in the said ammonia tank.  In this connection the<br \/>\noriginal petitioner relied upon accidents which have taken place in<br \/>\nSoviet Union and Pakistan where leakages developed in the plants<br \/>\ninjuring thousand of persons.  According to the original petitioner in<br \/>\nthe Willingdon Island there is an airport which is in the vicinity of<br \/>\ntank and if by chance an air crash take place it would lead to human<br \/>\ntragedy.   It was further stated that such leakage in existing ammonia<br \/>\nstorage tank cannot be ruled out and in which event the fire force,<br \/>\npolice, navy and district health authorities were not capable to provide<br \/>\nadequate safety measures.\n<\/p>\n<p>The High Court came to the conclusion that the environmental<br \/>\nimperative is ultimately a matter of public rights and duties.  That<br \/>\neffective environmental protection and improvement is a matter of<br \/>\nlegal rights and duties.  The High Court examined two questions viz.<br \/>\npossibility of operational failure of the tank which weighs 10,000<br \/>\ntonnes and leakage of ammonia on account of rupture in the tank<br \/>\nwhich would result in an uncontrolable devastation of the entire living<br \/>\npopulation  in the Willingdon Island, city of Cochin and surrounding<br \/>\nplaces.  The High Court further observed that major leak could be<br \/>\ncaused by air crash in the vicinity of the tank as there was an airport in<br \/>\nthe vicinity or by an act of sabotage or by earthquake which would<br \/>\nlead to loss of human life on tragic scale.  Consequently it directed the<br \/>\ncompany to close down the tank and not to operate the tank in the<br \/>\nWillingdon Island.  Being aggrieved the Association has come by way<br \/>\nof civil appeal to this Court.\n<\/p>\n<p>Two questions arise for determination in these civil appeals viz.<br \/>\nlocation of the tank and structural integrity of the tank.  Since the<br \/>\nmatter is of a technical nature this Court appointed M\/s Engineers<br \/>\nIndia Limited (in short &#8216;EIL&#8217;), New Delhi to re-examine all the issues<br \/>\nand submit its report.  The report dated December 24, 2003 has now<br \/>\nbeen submitted.  It is ordered to be taken on record.  In the said report<br \/>\nEIL has given technical details of the foundation of the tank at<br \/>\nAnnexure-II.  Clause 4.1 deals with adequacy of foundation.  EIL<br \/>\ncarried out a hydrostatic test under which the foundation was<br \/>\nprogressively loaded and readings were accordingly recorded.  After<br \/>\ncarrying out the test EIL has opined that the tank can continue in<br \/>\nservice in its present condition subject to certain measures being taken<br \/>\nby the company as suggested in the report to further enhance the<br \/>\nsafety in the operation of the tank.  Similarly EIL also examined<br \/>\nstructural integrity of the tank, soundness of accessories and<br \/>\nconnected systems.  It also took assistance of specialized agencies in<br \/>\nthis regard.  EIL also examined risk factors including the location of<br \/>\nthe tank and in this connection EIL has also considered the nature of<br \/>\noperations and the handling of the toxicity of ammonia.  Based on the<br \/>\nresults of various studies carried out on the above items EIL has<br \/>\nopined that the tank can continue in service in its present condition<br \/>\nsubject to certain measures suggested in the report.  EIL further<br \/>\nexamined chronology of leak history collected from the company<br \/>\nfrom January, 1985 till December, 2003 and has opined that all such<br \/>\nleaks had developed outside the storage tank at the time of loading<br \/>\nand unloading and not on account of failure of structural integrity.  It<br \/>\nfurther found that most of the leaks during the above period were on<br \/>\naccount of maintenance related problems and such leakages can be<br \/>\ncontained to a minimum with systematic planning, monitoring and<br \/>\nimprovement in system.  EIL further examined the possibility of<br \/>\noperational failure from connected systems viz. safety valves, pipes<br \/>\nand fittings.  EIL has suggested steps and measures to be taken to<br \/>\ncontain such operational failures.  EIL has further commented about<br \/>\nsteps taken by the company to implement recommendations given by<br \/>\nexperts in the past to contain corrosion of components.  EIL has<br \/>\nfurther stated that company has undertaken from time to time safety<br \/>\naudits.  The original petitioner has relied upon observations of Dr.<br \/>\nCampbell who has made a detailed study on the subject.  However, his<br \/>\nstudy has been confined to the documents on record.  Dr. Campbell<br \/>\nhas not visited the site at any time.  However, he is an expert and we<br \/>\nrespect his opinion.  Dr. Campbell has opined that worst cases like<br \/>\ntank rupture, terrorist attack and earthquake could occur.  However,<br \/>\nhe has also opined that containment of small leakage by proper<br \/>\noperational procedure and maintenance practices is possible.  In fact,<br \/>\nDr. Campbell has opined that relocation of tank to new site will not<br \/>\nsolve the perceived major hazard.  He considered the location of<br \/>\nAirport as a significant risk factor.  In the light of the opinion<br \/>\nexpressed by Dr. Campbell, EIL carried out a separate study on Risk<br \/>\nAssessment and has made suggestions as contained in the report to<br \/>\ncontain the risk factor.\n<\/p>\n<p>\tTaking into account the report in its entirety, the conclusion of<br \/>\nEIL is that the tank can continue in service in its present condition<br \/>\nsubject to certain measures being taken by the company as suggested<br \/>\nin the report to further enhance the safety in operations.\n<\/p>\n<p>\tWe may deal with the arguments advanced on behalf of the<br \/>\noriginal petitioner.  It was contended that in the event of earthquake or<br \/>\nterrorists attack or sabotage or an air crash into the tank from the<br \/>\nnearby Airport there would be human tragedy caused on account of<br \/>\nleakage of ammonia from the storage tank and, therefore, the said tank<br \/>\nshould be relocated.  We do not find any merit in this argument as<br \/>\nstated in this case. As stated by Dr. Campbell relocation is not the<br \/>\nsolution.  We are mainly concerned with two issues viz. structural<br \/>\nintegrity of the tank and its operations.  On both these issues EIL has<br \/>\nrecommended continuance of the tank in its present condition subject<br \/>\nto certain measures being taken by the company.  The company has<br \/>\ntaken those steps.  Sabotage, attack by terrorists, earthquake etc. are<br \/>\nall unenforceable events.  We have to strike a balance between<br \/>\nexisting Utilities which exist in public interest on one hand and human<br \/>\nsafety conditions on the other hand.  It is not in dispute that such<br \/>\nplants are needed for the welfare of the Society. In modern times we<br \/>\nhave nuclear plants which generate electricity.  Their structural<br \/>\nintegrity and their operations are vulnerable to certain risks. However,<br \/>\ngeneration of electricity is equally important and within the prescribe<br \/>\nlimits Society will have to tolerate existence of such plants.  It is for<br \/>\nthis reason that we called for a report from EIL so that they can<br \/>\nexamine the structural integrity of the tank, its operations and the<br \/>\nmeasures which are required to be taken to minimize the risk factors.<br \/>\nIf the arguments of the original petitioner is accepted then no such<br \/>\nutility can exist, no power plant can exist, no reservoir can exist, no<br \/>\nnuclear reactor can exist.  We do not discount such risks but we have<br \/>\nto live with such risks which is counterbalanced by services and<br \/>\namenities provided by these utilities.\n<\/p>\n<p>\tAccordingly we dispose of these appeals in terms of the report<br \/>\nof EIL dated 24th December 2003.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supreme Court of India Fertilizers And Chemi. &#8230; vs Law Society Of India &amp; Ors on 25 February, 2004 Author: Kapadia Bench: Cji., V.N. Khare, S.H. Kapadia. CASE NO.: Appeal (civil) 1769 of 1994 PETITIONER: Fertilizers and Chemi. Travancore Ltd. Emp. Assoc. &amp; Ors. RESPONDENT: Law Society of India &amp; Ors. DATE OF JUDGMENT: 25\/02\/2004 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-148200","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fertilizers And Chemi. ... vs Law Society Of India &amp; Ors on 25 February, 2004 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court &amp; High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/fertilizers-and-chemi-vs-law-society-of-india-ors-on-25-february-2004\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fertilizers And Chemi. ... vs Law Society Of India &amp; 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