{"id":212920,"date":"1995-05-08T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1995-05-07T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/national-thermal-vs-ms-flowmore-private-ltd-and-anr-on-8-may-1995"},"modified":"2018-10-09T12:30:03","modified_gmt":"2018-10-09T07:00:03","slug":"national-thermal-vs-ms-flowmore-private-ltd-and-anr-on-8-may-1995","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/national-thermal-vs-ms-flowmore-private-ltd-and-anr-on-8-may-1995","title":{"rendered":"National Thermal &#8230; vs M\/S Flowmore Private Ltd.And Anr on 8 May, 1995"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"docsource_main\">Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_title\">National Thermal &#8230; vs M\/S Flowmore Private Ltd.And Anr on 8 May, 1995<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_citations\">Equivalent citations: 1996 AIR  445, \t\t  1995 SCC  (4) 515<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_author\">Author: M S V.<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_bench\">Bench: Manohar Sujata (J)<\/div>\n<pre>           PETITIONER:\nNATIONAL THERMAL POWERCORPORATION LTD.\n\n\tVs.\n\nRESPONDENT:\nM\/S FLOWMORE PRIVATE LTD.AND ANR.\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT08\/05\/1995\n\nBENCH:\nMANOHAR SUJATA V. (J)\nBENCH:\nMANOHAR SUJATA V. (J)\nVERMA, JAGDISH SARAN (J)\n\nCITATION:\n 1996 AIR  445\t\t  1995 SCC  (4) 515\n JT 1995 (5)   591\t  1995 SCALE  (3)545\n\n\nACT:\n\n\n\nHEADNOTE:\n\n\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n<p>\t  J U D G M E N T<br \/>\n     Mrs. Sujata V. Manohar, J.\n<\/p>\n<p>     Leave granted.\n<\/p>\n<p>     The  appellant   had  entered   into  a  contract\twith<br \/>\nrespondent No.1\t on 18.1.80  under which respondent No.1 had<br \/>\nagreed to  supply  to  the  appellant  pumps  together\twith<br \/>\nbutterfly valves, motors etc. The terms of the contract also<br \/>\ncontained an arbitration clause.\n<\/p>\n<p>     In connection  with various payments made or to be made<br \/>\nunder this  contract, the  first-respondent furnished to the<br \/>\nappellant, inter alia, five bank guarantees in favour of the<br \/>\nappellant issued  by the  Canara Bank which are the subject-<br \/>\nmatter of dispute before us. These are:\n<\/p>\n<p>(1) a bank guarantee dated 27.2.80 for Rs.11,54,290\/-,<br \/>\n(2) a bank guarantee dated 26.7.86 for Rs.85,000\/-,<br \/>\n(3) a bank guarantee dated 26.7.86 for Rs.2,53,250\/-,<br \/>\n(4) a bank guarantee dated 26.7.86 for Rs.63,411.42  and<br \/>\n(5) a bank guarantee dated 26.7.86 for Rs.3,79,875\/-.<br \/>\nWhile  the   first  two\t  bank\tguarantees  are\t performance<br \/>\nguarantees, the\t other three  bank guarantees  are to secure<br \/>\nthe advances  given by the appellant to the first-respondent<br \/>\nto be  adjusted\t against  payments  to\tbe  made  under\t the<br \/>\ncontract. All  these bank  guarantees are payable on demand.<br \/>\nClause 1 of the bank guarantee dated 26.7.86 for Rs.85,000\/-<br \/>\nis as follows:-\n<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\t       &#8220;In consideration  of the Owner having agreed<br \/>\n     to accept from the contractor First Pump with Cast Iron<br \/>\n     Impeller  temporarily   in\t lieu\tof  Stainless  Steel<br \/>\n     Impeller  (to   be\t replaced  by  the  Contractor\twith<br \/>\n     Stainless Steel  Impeller by 31.12.86. We, Canara Bank,<br \/>\n     having our\t Head Office at Bangalore-560 002 and Branch<br \/>\n     at\t f-19,\tConnaught  Circus,  New\t Delhi\t(hereinafter<br \/>\n     referred to as the &#8220;Bank&#8221; which expression shall unless<br \/>\n     repugnant to  the context\tor meaning  thereof (include<br \/>\n     its successors,  administrators, executors and assigns)<br \/>\n     do hereby\tguarantee and  undertake to  pay  the  Owner<br \/>\n     immediately on demand any or, all moneys payable by the<br \/>\n     Contractor to  the extent of Rs.85,000\/- (Rupees Eighty<br \/>\n     five thousand only) at any time upto 31.12.1986 without<br \/>\n     any reference  to the Contractors. Any such demand made<br \/>\n     by\t the   owner  shall   be  conclusive   and   binding<br \/>\n     notwithstanding any  difference between  the owner\t and<br \/>\n     the Contractor or any dispute pending before any Court,<br \/>\n     Tribunal, Arbitrator or any other Authority.<br \/>\n\t  The Bank  agrees that\t the  Guarantee\t hereinafter<br \/>\n     contained shall continue to be enforceable till the sum<br \/>\n     due to  the Owner\tor till\t the Owner  discharges\tthis<br \/>\n     Guarantee.&#8221;\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>(Underlining Ours)<br \/>\n     The other\tfour bank  guarantees do not contain such an<br \/>\nexpress clause\tto the\teffect that  the demand\t made by the<br \/>\nbeneficiary shall  be binding.\tThey all,  however,  provide<br \/>\nthat the  Canara Bank  &#8220;do hereby guarantee and undertake to<br \/>\npay the\t owner on  demand any  and all monies payable by the<br \/>\ncontractor by  reason of  any breach&#8221;  of the  terms of\t the<br \/>\ncontract.\n<\/p>\n<p>     There were\t disputes between  the parties in respect of<br \/>\nthe supply of pumps under the contract. The appellant by its<br \/>\nletter dated  15th of  March, 1990  addressed to  the first-<br \/>\nrespondent demanded  from the  first-respondent payment of a<br \/>\nsum of\tRs.13,22,466.80, being\tthe net\t recovery which\t the<br \/>\nappellant was  entitled to make from the first-respondent as<br \/>\nper the\t particulars set  out in  that letter. The appellant<br \/>\ncalled upon  the first-respondent  to pay the said amount on<br \/>\nor before  25.3.90 failing which they would invoke the above<br \/>\nbank guarantees without any further notice.\n<\/p>\n<p>     On 11.6.90 the first-respondent invoked the arbitration<br \/>\nclause under  the contract and appointed his Arbitrator. The<br \/>\nappellant thereafter  also  appointed  its  Arbitrator.\t The<br \/>\nInstitute of  Engineers, India appointed a third Arbitrator.<br \/>\nThe  disputes\tbetween\t the   parties\twere   referred\t  to<br \/>\narbitration. In\t view of  the  arbitration  proceedings\t the<br \/>\nappellant did  not realise  the bank  guarantees  while\t the<br \/>\nfirst-respondent kept  the bank guarantees alive by renewing<br \/>\nthem from  time to  time. The  time  for  making  the  award<br \/>\nexpired in January 1992. As the appellant declined to extend<br \/>\nthe time  for making the award, an application under Section<br \/>\n28 of  the Arbitration Act for extending the time for making<br \/>\nthe award  is filed  by the  first-respondent and is pending<br \/>\nbefore the Delhi High Court.\n<\/p>\n<p>     The bank guarantees were about to expire on 31st March,<br \/>\n1993. Hence  the appellant  by its letters all dated 22.3.93<br \/>\naddressed to the Canara Bank invoked the bank guarantees for<br \/>\nRs.11,54,290\/- and Rs.85,000\/-. The appellant also partially<br \/>\ninvoked the  bank guarantee  for Rs.3,79,875\/-\tby demanding<br \/>\nfrom the Canara Bank payment of a sum of Rs.2,30,910\/- under<br \/>\nthe said  bank guarantee.  In respect  of the  remaining two<br \/>\nbank guarantees\t and the  balance amount under the partially<br \/>\ninvoked bank  guarantee the appellant called upon the Canara<br \/>\nBank to extend the validity period of the bank guarantees by<br \/>\na further  period of  six months  failing which\t its letters<br \/>\nshould\tbe  treated  as\t invocation  of\t the  guarantees  in<br \/>\nquestion and  it demanded payment of those guarantee amounts<br \/>\nalso. As  the Canara  Bank objected to partial invocation of<br \/>\nthe bank  guarantee for\t Rs.3,79,875\/-, the appellant by its<br \/>\nletter dated  26th of March, 1993 invoked the bank guarantee<br \/>\nfor Rs.3,79,875\/- also in full.\n<\/p>\n<p>     On\t 26th  March,  1993  the  first-respondent  filed  a<br \/>\npetition before the Delhi High Court under Section 41 of the<br \/>\nArbitration  Act  seeking  an  injunction  to  restrain\t the<br \/>\npresent appellant  from\t invoking  the\tguarantees  and\t the<br \/>\nCanara Bank  from  remitting  the  amounts  under  the\tbank<br \/>\nguarantees to the appellant. A Learned Single Judge of Delhi<br \/>\nHigh Court by his order dated 20.10.94 granted an injunction<br \/>\nrestraining  the   appellant   from   encashing\t  the\tbank<br \/>\nguarantees. An\tappeal filed  by the first-respondent before<br \/>\nthe Division  Bench of the Delhi High Court was dismissed by<br \/>\nthe Delhi  High Court  on the  ground that an appeal was not<br \/>\nmaintainable against  an order\tpassed in  exercise of power<br \/>\nunder Section 41 of the Arbitration Act read with the second<br \/>\nSchedule.\n<\/p>\n<p>     The present  appeals are filed from these judgments and<br \/>\norders of the Delhi High Court. The question of jurisdiction<br \/>\nof the\tDivision Bench\tof the Delhi High Court to entertain<br \/>\nan appeal  from an order of a Single Judge of the High Court<br \/>\ngranting an  injunction under  Section 41 of the Arbitration<br \/>\nAct, need  not detain  us when we are examining the order of<br \/>\nthe  learned   Single  Judge   under  Article\t136  of\t the<br \/>\nConstitution of India, an appeal from that order having been<br \/>\ndismissed. On  merit, the  order of  injunction issued\tby a<br \/>\nlearned Single\tJudge of  the Delhi  High  Court  cannot  be<br \/>\nsustained. In  the case\t of  <a href=\"\/doc\/325228\/\">Svenska  Handelsbanken  v.\t M\/s<br \/>\nIndian Charge Chrome and Ors.<\/a> (1994 (1) SCC 502), a Bench of<br \/>\nthree  Judges\tof  this   Court  has,\twhile  dealing\twith<br \/>\nperformance  guarantees\t and  guarantees  against  advances,<br \/>\nobserved that  looking to the obligation assumed by the bank<br \/>\nunder such  guarantees or letters of credit, the bank cannot<br \/>\nbe prevented by the Party at whose instance the guarantee or<br \/>\nletter of  credit, was\tissued, from  honouring\t the  credit<br \/>\nguaranteed. Since  the bank pledges its own credit involving<br \/>\nits reputation,\t it has\t no defence  except in\tthe case  of<br \/>\nfraud or  irretrievable\t injustice.  Fraud  must  be  of  an<br \/>\n&#8220;egregious nature&#8221;  so as  to vitiate  the entire underlying<br \/>\ntransaction. While irretrievable injustice. Fraud must be of<br \/>\nan &#8220;egregious nature&#8221; so as to vitiate the entire underlying<br \/>\ntransaction. While  irretrievable injustice should be of the<br \/>\nkind arising  in  an  irretrievable    situation  which\t was<br \/>\nreferred to  in the  U.S. case\tof Itek\t Corporation v.\t The<br \/>\nFirst National\tBank of\t Boston etc.  (566 Fed. Supp. 1210).<br \/>\nThe irreparable harm should not be speculative. It should be<br \/>\ngenuine and  immediate as  well as  irreversible &#8211; a kind of<br \/>\nsituation which\t existed in  the case  of  Itek\t Corporation<br \/>\n(supra) where,\ton account  of the  revolution in  Iran\t the<br \/>\nAmerican Government  had cancelled  all export\tcontracts to<br \/>\nIran  and   had\t blocked   all\tIranian\t assets\t within\t the<br \/>\njurisdiction of\t the United  States. Fifty two Americans had<br \/>\nbeen taken  hostages in\t Iran. In  this situation  the Court<br \/>\nfelt that the plaintiff had no remedy at all and the harm to<br \/>\nhim would  be irreparable. This kind of a situation is not a<br \/>\nlikely\tsituation.   This  Court  in  the  case\t of  Svenska<br \/>\nHandelsbanken  (supra)\t has   cited   with   approval\t the<br \/>\nobservations of\t this Court  in the case of <a href=\"\/doc\/329587\/\">U.P. Cooperative<br \/>\nFederation Ltd.\t v. Singh  Consultants &amp; Engineers Pvt. Ltd.<\/a><br \/>\n(1988 (1)  SCR 1124) to the effect that the Court should not<br \/>\nlightly interfere  with\t a  performance\t bond  or  guarantee<br \/>\nunless there  is fraud\tof the\tbeneficiary and not somebody<br \/>\nelse.\n<\/p>\n<p>     In the  present case  Mr. Nariman,\t learned counsel for<br \/>\nthe first-respondent  has attempted  to justify the order of<br \/>\ninjunction issued  by the  Delhi High  Court on two grounds;<br \/>\n(1) that  the bank  guarantees were  not invoked in terms of<br \/>\nthe  bank  guarantees  in  question,  except  for  the\tbank<br \/>\nguarantee of  Rs.85,000\/- which, he conceded, was invoked in<br \/>\nterms of  that bank  guarantee. (2)  After  the\t arbitration<br \/>\nclause was invoked on 11th of June, 1990 and the Arbitrators<br \/>\nwere appointed\tby the\tparties in  September and  December,<br \/>\n1990, the  parties had\tproceeded on the basis that the bank<br \/>\nguarantees would  not be  invoked until\t the arbitration was<br \/>\nover and  award made. Hence by its own conduct the appellant<br \/>\nhad precluded itself from invoking the bank guarantees.\n<\/p>\n<p>     Both these\t submissions cannot  be accepted. It is true<br \/>\nthat the  bank guarantee  of Rs.85,000\/- contains an express<br \/>\nterm to\t the effect  that any demand made by the owner shall<br \/>\nbe conclusive  and binding  on the  bank notwithstanding any<br \/>\ndifference between  the Owner  and  the\t Contractor  or\t any<br \/>\ndispute pending\t before any  Court, Tribunal,  Arbitrator or<br \/>\nany other  Authority. Nevertheless, this express term merely<br \/>\nreiterates the\tnature of  a bank guarantee which is payable<br \/>\non  demand  being  made\t by  the  beneficiary  of  the\tbank<br \/>\nguarantee. A  bank guarantee  which  is\t payable  on  demand<br \/>\nimplies that  the bank is liable to pay as and when a demand<br \/>\nis made\t upon the  bank by  the beneficiary. The bank is not<br \/>\nconcerned with any inter se disputes between the beneficiary<br \/>\nand the\t person at  whose instance  the bank  had issued the<br \/>\nbank guarantee.\t All the  three bank  guarantees which\thave<br \/>\nbeen invoked  are payable on demand. There is, therefore, no<br \/>\nmerit in  the submission  that the  bank guarantees have not<br \/>\nbeen properly invoked.\n<\/p>\n<p>     The  second   submission  relates\tto  the\t conduct  of<br \/>\nparties. Learned counsel for the first-respondent has relied<br \/>\nupon the  fact that  the first-respondent  kept all the bank<br \/>\nguarantees alive  by renewing  them from time to time during<br \/>\nthe pendency  of  arbitration  and  on\tthe  fact  that\t the<br \/>\nappellant did  not invoke  the\tbank  guarantees  while\t the<br \/>\narbitration  was   in  progress.   Neither  of\t these\t two<br \/>\ncircumstances can  lead to  the\t conclusion  that  the\tbank<br \/>\nguarantees  cannot  be\tinvoked\t while\tthe  arbitration  is<br \/>\npending. The  bank guarantees  are unconditional and payable<br \/>\non demand.  The circumstances pointed out by learned counsel<br \/>\nfor the\t first-respondent do  not constitute  a bar  on\t the<br \/>\nright of the appellant to encash the bank guarantees. In the<br \/>\npresent case there is also no circumstance pointed out which<br \/>\nwould result  in any  irretrievable injustice  to the first-<br \/>\nrespondent of  the kind\t referred to  in the  case  of\tItek<br \/>\nCorporation (supra) if the bank guarantees are realised.\n<\/p>\n<p>     In the premises, the Delhi High Court was not justified<br \/>\nin  issuing   an  order\t  of  injunction   to  restrain\t the<br \/>\nrealisation of\tthe bank  guarantees by\t the appellant.\t The<br \/>\nappeals are, therefore, allowed. The order of the Delhi High<br \/>\nCourt  dated   20.10.94\t is  set  aside\t and  the  order  of<br \/>\ninjunction is vacated. The first-respondent shall pay to the<br \/>\nappellant the costs of the appeals.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supreme Court of India National Thermal &#8230; vs M\/S Flowmore Private Ltd.And Anr on 8 May, 1995 Equivalent citations: 1996 AIR 445, 1995 SCC (4) 515 Author: M S V. Bench: Manohar Sujata (J) PETITIONER: NATIONAL THERMAL POWERCORPORATION LTD. Vs. RESPONDENT: M\/S FLOWMORE PRIVATE LTD.AND ANR. DATE OF JUDGMENT08\/05\/1995 BENCH: MANOHAR SUJATA V. (J) BENCH: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-212920","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>National Thermal ... vs M\/S Flowmore Private Ltd.And Anr on 8 May, 1995 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court &amp; High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/national-thermal-vs-ms-flowmore-private-ltd-and-anr-on-8-may-1995\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"National Thermal ... vs M\/S Flowmore Private Ltd.And Anr on 8 May, 1995 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court &amp; 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