{"id":241705,"date":"1951-03-28T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1951-03-27T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/in-re-doraiswami-reddiar-and-anr-vs-unknown-on-28-march-1951-2"},"modified":"2016-09-16T01:49:49","modified_gmt":"2016-09-15T20:19:49","slug":"in-re-doraiswami-reddiar-and-anr-vs-unknown-on-28-march-1951-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/in-re-doraiswami-reddiar-and-anr-vs-unknown-on-28-march-1951-2","title":{"rendered":"In Re: Doraiswami Reddiar And Anr. vs Unknown on 28 March, 1951"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"docsource_main\">Madras High Court<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_title\">In Re: Doraiswami Reddiar And Anr. vs Unknown on 28 March, 1951<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_citations\">Equivalent citations: AIR 1951 Mad 894, (1951) 1 MLJ 691<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_author\">Author: P Ayyar<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_bench\">Bench: P Ayyar<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<pre><\/pre>\n<p>ORDER<\/p>\n<p> Panchapakesa Ayyar, J.  <\/p>\n<p> 1. The two petnrs. in this case, the president &amp; clerk of a co-operative stores in Vadipatti, have been convicted under Section 477(a), I. P. C. read with Section 109, I. P. C. for falsifying the accounts of the stores of Vadipatti by making two false &amp; fraudulent entries in the account books of the stores (Ex. P. 12) regarding two false &amp; fraudulent bills (Exs. P. 13 &amp; P. 14 dated 16-2-1949 &amp; 1-5-1949) about the alleged sale of cane jaggery<\/p>\n<p>&amp; ground-nut on these days  when  really these things had been  sold  away  before  27-1-1949  &amp; the bills (EXS. p. 13 &amp; p. 14) were bogus &amp;  false ones  not  relating  to  any  genuine sales to the parties  mentioned,  or  for the sums mentioned, or  for  the  qualities  mentioned, or on the date mentioned. They were  sentenced  by   the  First Addl.   First Class  Mag. Madura,   to  pay  fines of Rs. 500 &amp; Rs. 200 respectively. On appeal the learned Sess. J. of Madura  reduced the fine  on accused 1 to  Rs.   400 &amp; on accused   2, a   clerk under his  control   &amp;  subject  to  his  orders,  to Rs. 50.\n<\/p>\n<p> 2. I have perused the entire records &amp; heard the learned counsel for the petnrs. &amp; the learned Public Prosecutor contra. Mr. Govind Swamina-than, for the petnrs. conceded that the two bills were not true bills, &amp; were bogus &amp; false ones, but stated that nobody had been defrauded of property, or caused wrongful loss eventually &amp; that every member of the stores &amp; the stores itself had received all the moneys due to him. He argued that, though the bills were not true &amp; genuine ones &amp; were indeed false ones, there was no fraud as there was no deprivation of property, &amp; therefore there could be no conviction for an offence under Section 477(a). I cannot agree. Section 477(a) only requires the falsification of accounts with intent to defraud. It does not require any deprivation of property. In fact, fraud means what it says, namely, making a person believe what is not true with intent to cause some injury of some kind in property or reputation to him or to suppress some previous fraudulent transaction &amp; action about it. It has been held by a F. B. of the Calcutta H. Ct. in Queen Empress v. Abbas Ali, 25 Cal. 512, as follows:\n<\/p>\n<p>  &#8220;The word &#8216;fraudulently&#8217; should not be confined to transactions of which deprivation of the property, either actual or intended, forma part.&#8221;\n<\/p>\n<p> They held finally that deprivation, actual or intended, is not a necessary ingredient to defraud. They also reld. upon the decision in Reg. v. Tashack, (1849) 4 Cox C. C. 38, in support of the view they took. A Bench of the Calcutta H. Ct has, later on, held in Emperor v. Rash Behari, 35 Cal. 450, that the making of false entries in a book or register by any person in order to conceal a fraudulent or bogus act falls within the purview of Section 477(a), I. P. C. inasmuch as the intention is undoubtedly to defraud. I have absolutely no hesitation in holding that both the petnrs. in this case acted fraudulently in bringing into being these two bogus false bills, Exs. P. 13 &amp; P. 14, &amp; entering them in the account books of the stores, Ex. P. 12 as if they represented genuine transactions. The two bills were admittedly false, &amp; entering them in the society&#8217;s account as if they were true was undoubtedly done with intent to defraud, &amp; for the purpose of concealing the previous fraud of the petnrs. It cannot be said that making false entries  regarding   bogus   transactions  in  the  accounts of a co. or stores will not  injure  the  co. or stores in property, &amp; will be only &#8220;a game  in fraud&#8221;, like a schoolboy&#8217;s  game  or  play. Often these accounts have to be put into Ct. either for claiming something on behalf  of  the  stores,  or for defending some action against  the  stores,   &amp; once it is proved or admitted that bogus  &amp;  false entries are to be found in the accounts (no honest society could avoid making  such  admissions  in cases like this), no Ct. will act on these accounts. These accounts containing false  entries  will  be thrown out  as  unworthy  of  credence  for any purpose whatever, &amp; that will be doing very serious pecuniary injury  indeed to shops   &amp;   societies, whose usual method of proof, offensive  &amp;  defensive, is in such accounts kept in the usual course of business. If the president &amp; the  clerk  of  the society  go  round   making such false   entries, regarding false bills &amp; transactions in the stores accounts,  that  will  certainly be  &#8220;fraudulent&#8221; also  within  the purview  of Section 477(a),   I. P. C. even though no one may lose one pie  eventually. by such false &amp; fraudulent conduct   or  entry  on the part of the petnrs. The law is not concerned with the &#8220;eventual result&#8221;. Thus, a pick-pocket, hoping to get a good scoop, puts  his hands  into the pocket of a  millionaire,  but,  unfortunately finds it empty, still, he will   commit  an  offence despite his eventually gaining not   a  pie.   So,  I confirm the conviction of petnr. 1  but,   considering all the circumstances, reduce the sentence  to a fine of RS. 100, or, in  default,   R.   I.  for  one month. The excess fine, if paid, will be refunded.\n<\/p>\n<p>  3. A special argument  was urged  on  behalf of petnr. 2. viz. that he was only a  clerk  under the orders of petnr. 1 &amp; so, had  to  make  those, false &amp; fraudulent entries   in  the  account   book from fear. The law allows fear as a  reason  for acquittal in such offences  only  if  there  is fear of instant death or instant grievous hurt apprehended to result in instant death, which  is  not alleged or proved in this case. So the  conviction of petnr. 2 also was correct. He was given  sufficient  indulgence,   in    the  matter  of   sentence, after considering the above circumstances. Therefore his conviction &amp; sentence  are  confirmed   &amp; the petn. is dismissed as regards him.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Madras High Court In Re: Doraiswami Reddiar And Anr. vs Unknown on 28 March, 1951 Equivalent citations: AIR 1951 Mad 894, (1951) 1 MLJ 691 Author: P Ayyar Bench: P Ayyar ORDER Panchapakesa Ayyar, J. 1. The two petnrs. in this case, the president &amp; clerk of a co-operative stores in Vadipatti, have been convicted [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-241705","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-high-court","category-madras-high-court"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>In Re: Doraiswami Reddiar And Anr. vs Unknown on 28 March, 1951 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court &amp; High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/in-re-doraiswami-reddiar-and-anr-vs-unknown-on-28-march-1951-2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"In Re: Doraiswami Reddiar And Anr. vs Unknown on 28 March, 1951 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court &amp; 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