{"id":244202,"date":"1994-08-12T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1994-08-11T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/all-india-judges-assn-vs-union-of-india-on-12-august-1994"},"modified":"2015-03-21T04:19:52","modified_gmt":"2015-03-20T22:49:52","slug":"all-india-judges-assn-vs-union-of-india-on-12-august-1994","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/all-india-judges-assn-vs-union-of-india-on-12-august-1994","title":{"rendered":"All India Judges’ Assn vs Union Of India on 12 August, 1994"},"content":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n
All India Judges’ Assn vs Union Of India on 12 August, 1994<\/div>\n
Equivalent citations: 1994 AIR 2771, \t\t 1994 SCC (6) 314<\/div>\n
Author: M Venkatachalliah<\/div>\n
Bench: Venkatachalliah, M.N.(Cj)<\/div>\n
           PETITIONER:\nALL INDIA JUDGES' ASSN.\n\n\tVs.\n\nRESPONDENT:\nUNION OF INDIA\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT12\/08\/1994\n\nBENCH:\nVENKATACHALLIAH, M.N.(CJ)\nBENCH:\nVENKATACHALLIAH, M.N.(CJ)\nMOHAN, S. (J)\n\nCITATION:\n 1994 AIR 2771\t\t  1994 SCC  (6) 314\n 1994 SCALE  (4)5\n\n\nACT:\n\n\n\nHEADNOTE:\n\n\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n
ORDER\n<\/p>\n
1.   All these IAs can be dealt with under a common order.\n<\/p>\n
2.   In\t All  India Judges’ Assn. v. Union of  India1,<\/a>\twhen
\ndirections were sought from this Court for setting up an All
\nIndia  Judicial\t Service  and  for  bringing  about  uniform
\nconditions  of service and perks for members of\t subordinate
\njudiciary  throughout the country, the following  directions
\nas  mentioned  in  paragraph 63 of the\tsaid  judgment\twere
\nissued : (SCC pp. 140-41)
\n\t      “(i)  An All India Judicial Service should  be
\n\t      set  up  and the Union of\t India\tshould\ttake
\n\t      appropriate steps in this regard.\n<\/p>\n
\t       (ii) Steps  should  be taken to\tbring  about
\n\t      uniformity in designation of  officers both in
\n\t      civil and the criminal side by 31-3-1992.\n<\/p>\n
\t       (iii) Retirement age of judicial officers  be
\n\t      raised  to 60 years and appropriate steps\t are
\n\t      to be taken by 31-12-1992.\n<\/p>\n
      (iv)    As    and\t   when\t   the\t   Pay
\n\t      Commissions\/Committees   are  set\t up  in\t the
\n\t      States and Union Territories, the question  of
\n\t      appropriate pay scales of judicial officers be
\n\t      specifically referred and considered.\n<\/p>\n
\t       (v)  A  working library at the  residence  of
\n\t      every  judicial officer has to be provided  by
\n\t      30-6-1992.  Provision for sumptuary  allowance
\n\t      as stated\t has to be made.\n<\/p>\n
\t       (vi)   Residential  accommodation  to   every
\n\t      judicial officer has to be provided and  until
\n\t      State  accommodation is available,  Government
\n\t      should provide requisitioned accommodation for
\n\t      them in the manner indicated by 31-12-1992. In
\n\t      providing\t\t\t\t residential
\n\t      accommodation,availability  of an office\troom
\n\t      should be kept in view.\n<\/p>\n
      (vii)  Every  District Judge  and\t Chief
\n\t      Judicial\t Magistrate  should  have  a   State
\n\t      vehicle,\tjudicial  officers in sets  of\tfive
\n\t      should have a pool vehicle and others would be
\n\t      entitled\tto  suitable loans to  acquire\ttwo-
\n\t      wheeler  automobile  within  different   time-
\n\t      limits as specified.\n<\/p>\n
\t      (viii)  In-service Institute should be set  up
\n\t      within  one year at the Central and  State  or
\n\t      Union Territory level.”\n<\/p>\n
3.  Review  Petitions  were  filed  seeking  review  of\t the
\njudgment. With\t    regard   to\t  the\tqualification\t for
\nrecruitment to judicial posts in the lower rung, it was held
\nin  All India Judges’ Assn. v. Union of India2<\/a> in  paragraph
\n20 as\t  under: (SCC p. 301)
\n      “It  is  hence, necessary that  all  the
\n\t      States prescribe the said minimum\t practice as
\n\t      a\t lawyer\t as a  necessary  qualification\t for
\n\t      recruitment   to\tthe   lowest  rung  in\t the
\n\t      judiciary.”\n<\/p>\n
     This review was done on 24-8-1993.\n<\/p>\n
1 (1992) 1 SCC 11 9: 1992 SCC (L&S) 9: (1992) 19 ATC 42
\n2 (1993) 4 SCC 288: 1994 SCC (L&S) 148: (1993) 25 ATC 818
\n316<\/span>\n<\/p>\n
4.   In\t IA  No.  14 of 1994, the State\t of  Kerala  is\t the
\npetitioner.  It seeks three clarifications :\n<\/p>\n
\t      (i)   Whether Rule 5(3) of the Kerala Judicial
\n\t      Service Rules, 1991 can be retained as it is;\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (ii)  Whether  the  directions  contained\t  in
\n\t      paras  20, 24 and 52(a) of the  judgment\twill
\n\t      apply    retrospectively\t to   the    service
\n\t      candidates who are already working as judicial
\n\t      officers;\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (iii) Five years’ legal practice prescribed as
\n\t      minimum  qualification for appointment to\t the
\n\t      lowest  category\tof judicial  service  namely
\n\t      Munsif-Magistrates  requires  to\tbe   amended
\n\t      since   Rule  10(1)  prescribes  five   years’
\n\t      standing\tfor  the Advocates as  three  years’
\n\t      practice.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
5.   IA No. 15 has been filed by the Kerala High Court Staff
\nAssociation  and  others again seeking\tclarifications\tthat
\nunder Kerala Subordinate      Magisterial   Service   Rules,
\n1962, appointment to the cadre of Sub-Magistrate, the lowest
\nrung  in  judicial  hierarchy, was by  transfer\t from  among
\nprescribed  categories. These rules along with Kerala  Civil
\nJudicial  Service Rules, 1973 and Kerala  Criminal  Judicial
\nService Rules, 1973 came into force  with effect from  18-9-
\n1973. Both these rules provided for appointment\t  of service
\npersonnel  to  the lowest rung in each service from  out  of
\ncategory     of\t persons having experience in law  through
\ncourts\twithout actually having practice at the Bar. On\t and
\nfrom 1-1-1992, the Kerala Judicial Service Rules  integrated
\nboth  the services i.e. Kerala Civil Judicial  Services\t and
\nKerala\tCriminal  Judicial  Services  provided\tfor   direct
\nrecruitment by transfer from  among   the  categories\tlike
\nAssistant Public Prosecutor, Grade-1, Grade-II,\t  Assistant
\nRegistrars, Private Secretary to the Chief Justice and other
\nofficers of the High Court.\n<\/p>\n
6.  This  method  of  appointment was  not  brought  to\t the
\nknowledge of this Court when this Court was dealing with the
\nfixation  of  qualification  of\t appointment.  Thus,  it  is
\nsubmitted  that\t the  requirement of legal  practice  for  a
\nminimum\t three\tyears  applies only in the  case  of  direct
\nrecruitment from the\t Bar  and  not\tfor  appointment  by
\ntransfer from service personnel as provided  under the Rules
\nmade  in  exercise  of the power under Article\t234  of\t the
\nConstitution.\n<\/p>\n
     7. IA No. 16 of 1994 is an application for intervention
\nby the High Court   of Kerala, represented by the Registrar,
\nHigh Court of Kerala.\n<\/p>\n
8.   Mr Altaf Ahmed, learned counsel appearing for the State
\nof  Kerala in IA No. 14 would urge that the prayers  in\t the
\nIAs are highly necessary so that the position of the service
\ncandidates  may be settled.  The officers  enumerated  under
\nRule  5(3) of Kerala Judicial Service Rules  have  knowledge
\nand  are  acquainted with substantive and  procedural  laws.
\nThey  require  to be treated on par  with  advocates  having
\nexperience in the Bar.\n<\/p>\n
9.   Then  again, under Rule 10(1) of said rules, a  minimum
\nfive  years’  standing\tin  the\t Bar  has  been\t prescribed.
\nWhether they could be retained, is a  matter which  requires
\nclarification.\n<\/p>\n
317<\/span><\/p>\n
10.  Mr\t P.S. Poti, teamed Senior Counsel appearing for\t the
\napplicant  in  IA No. 16 of 1994 would strongly\t plead\tthat
\nhaving\tregard to the rules which   contemplate the rule  by
\ntransfer  which is one of the sources of  appointment,\tthat
\nrule may be retained because experience has shown that these
\nvarious\t categories of persons have not been  found  wanting
\neither\tin  integrity or capacity to do judicial  work.\t  In
\ntheir  cases,  the  requirement\t of  three  years’   minimum
\npractice at Bar should not be insisted upon.\n<\/p>\n
11.  We have given our careful consideration to the facts of
\nthe  instant   case.  This Court in All India Judges’  case2
\n(review) held in paragraph 20 as
\nunder:\t  (SCC p. 301)
\n\t      “It  is, hence, necessary that all the  States
\n\t      prescribe\t the  said  minimum  practice  as  a
\n\t      lawyer   as  a  necessary\t qualification\t for
\n\t      recruitment   to\tthe  lowest  rung   in\t the
\n\t      judiciary.”\n<\/p>\n
     The  above extract underscores the necessity  of  legal
\npractice.  In our considered view, such a practice is highly
\nessential  to  be  recruited to a  judicial  office.   Daily
\npractice in the courts strengthens and develops not only the
\ninnate\tqualities of intellect and character but also  those
\nof patience, temper and resilience which are so important in
\nthe  practice  of the law.  A period of\t training  prior  to
\nascending the Bench will help to repair some of\t  the\tgaps
\nwhich  may have been created by the demands of life  at\t the
\nBar.\n<\/p>\n
12.  It is stated in Samuel Warren’s Law Studies at page  II
\n2 as under:\n<\/p>\n
\t      “Bar  affords scope for the highest moral\t and
\n\t      intellectual    energies,\t   while    exposing
\n\t      littleness and meanness to contempt inevitable
\n\t      and unutterable.\tIt has special\ttemptations,
\n\t\t\t    and\t exquisite  trials;  but  also\tresplenden
\nt
\n\t      rewards  for the great and true-hearted,\twho,
\n\t      resisting those\t   temptations, and enduring
\n\t      those  trials,  turning to neither  the  right
\n\t      hand nor the left, nor poorly fainting by\t the
\n\t      way, hold on to the end.”\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
As an advocate, a person has to present and expound law,  as
\nsuch be fulfils\t    an\timportant social need,\tnamely,\t the
\nupholding  and preserving of society against  onslaughts  of
\nselfish\t tyrants,  be they individuals, communities  or\t the
\nState,\tBlackstone in his introduction to commentaries,\t has
\nspoken of law as
\n ” a science which distinguishes the criterion
\n\t      of   right  and  wrong,  which\tteaches\t  to
\n\t      establish\t the  one  and\tprevent,  punish  or
\n\t      redress the other; which employs in its theory
\n\t      the noblest faculties of the soul, and  exerts
\n\t      in  its practice the cardinal virtues  of\t the
\n\t      heart, a science which is universal in its use
\n\t      and  extent, accommodated to each\t individual,
\n\t      yet comprehending the whole community.”
\nIt is no wonder, then, that lawyers through the ages in\t all
\ncountries have\t    enjoyed esteem and respect as pillars of
\njustice,  as  preservers  of  the  weak\t and  poor   against
\noppressors  and\t tyrants, as upholders of  the\tfreedom\t and
\nliberty\t of  human beings, as a sword for the guilty  and  a
\nshield for the\tinnocent.\n<\/p>\n
318<\/span><\/p>\n
13.  Therefore,\t we  have  no doubt in our  mind  that\tthis
\nqualification of legal practice for a minimum three years is
\na  must\t for  recruitment in the  lowest  rung\tof  judicial
\noffice.\n<\/p>\n
14.  The Kerala Judicial Service Rules, 1991 came into force
\nfrom 1-1-1992.\tRule 5 of the said rules is as under :\n<\/p>\n
\t      “Appointment.-  (1) Appointment to a  category
\n\t      specified in column (1) below shall be made by
\n\t      the  method of appointment  specified  against
\n\t      that category in column (2) :\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
————————————————————\n<\/p>\n
     Category\t\t\t    Method of appointment\n<\/p>\n
————————————————————\n<\/p>\n
    (1)\t\t\t\t\t     (2)\n<\/p>\n
————————————————————
\n1 .  Subordinate Judges\/\t Promotion from Category 2
\n     Chief Judicial
\n     Magistrates\n<\/p>\n
2.   Munsif-Magistrates\t      Direct recruitment and
\n\t\t\t       transfer in the manner sub-\n<\/p>\n
\t\t\t      rule
\n\t\t\t     (3)   of this Rule\n<\/p>\n
———————————————————–\n<\/p>\n
\t      (2)   Promotion  to Category I shall  be\tmade
\n\t      from a select list prepared    by\t  the\tHigh
\n\t      Court from among the eligible officers on\t the
\n\t      basis of merit  and   ability.\tMerit\t and
\n\t      ability  shall be assessed with  reference  to
\n\t      the entries in the personal files relating  to
\n\t      the  officers, penalties, if any,\t imposed  on
\n\t      them,  their performance as Judicial  Officers
\n\t      and other relevant considerations.   Seniority
\n\t      shall  be\t the  criterion only  if  merit\t and
\n\t      ability  are found to be approximately  equal.
\n\t      Officers superseded shall be informed of their
\n\t      supersession  with  reasons  therefor.\tThey
\n\t      shall  be\t considered  for  promotion  against
\n\t      after the expiry of six months.
\n\t      (3)   Out of  every four vacancies arising  in
\n\t      category\t2, the first, second and  the  third
\n\t      shall  be filled or reserved to be  filled  by
\n\t      direct   recruitment   and   the\t fourth\t  by
\n\t      recruitment   by\ttransfer  from\t among\t the
\n\t      following categories :\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (i)   Assistant Public Prosecutors Grade-1
\n\t       Assistant Public Prosecutors Grade-II\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (ii)  Assistant Registrars,
\n\t      Private  Secretary  to the Chief\tJustice\t and
\n\t      other  officers of the High Court in the\tsame
\n\t      scale of pay of Assistant Registrars, Personal
\n\t      Assistant\t to  the Chief\tJustice,  Additional
\n\t      Personal Assistant to the Chief Justice,
\n\t      Section Officers,
\n\t      Librarian,
\n\t      Reference Librarian,
\n\t      Court Officers,
\n\t      Court Fee Examiners,
\n\t      Accountant,
\n\t      319<\/span>
\n\t      Head Translator and
\n\t      Selection Grade Shorthand Writers in the\tHigh
\n\t      Court of Kerala.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (iii) Under Secretaries,
\n\t      Section Officers and
\n\t      Librarian in the Advocate General’s Office.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (iv)  Section  Officers and Librarian  in\t the
\n\t      Law Department, Government Secretariat.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (v)   Sheristadars    of\t District    Courts,
\n\t\t\t    Additional District Courts, Special Courts, th
\ne
\n\t      office   of   the\t  Motor\t  Accidents   Claims
\n\t      Tribunals,  the office of the State  Transport
\n\t      Appellate Tribunal and sub-courts, Head Clerks
\n\t      of the District Courts and Additional District
\n\t      Courts   and  Selection\tGrade\tConfidential
\n\t      Assistants in the Subordinate Civil Courts.\n<\/p>\n
\t      (vi)  Sheristadars    of\t  Chief\t    Judicial
\n\t      Magistrate’s   Courts  and   Selection   Grade
\n\t      Confidential  Assistants\tin  the\t Subordinate
\n\t      Criminal Courts.\n<\/p>\n
\t      (vii) Full-time  Lecturers of  Government\t Law
\n\t      Colleges.\n<\/p>\n
\t      (viii)\t Law  Graduates working in the\tHigh
\n\t      Court, Subordinate Courts, Advocate  General’s
\n\t      Office  and Law Department in  the  Government
\n\t      Secretariat, not covered by categories (i)  to\n<\/p>\n
\t      (vii) not less than ten years of total service
\n\t      in  any  one of the three offices\t or  in\t the
\n\t      three  offices  taken together, of  which\t not
\n\t      less than two years of service shall be  after
\n\t      the acquisition of the law qualification.
\nExplanation.-  A  person  who  is  otherwise  qualified\t for
\nappointment  but is not holding any of the posts  enumerated
\nin items (ii) to (viii) of this sub-rule at the time of\t his
\napplication,  shall be eligible for appointment, if  he\t has
\nheld  any  one\tor more of such posts at any  time  for\t the
\nprescribed number of years and is holding a post in a higher
\nscale of pay   in any of the offices from which\t appointment
\nis to be made.”\n<\/p>\n
15.  Under sub-rule (3) of Rule 5 recruitment by transfer is
\ncontemplated bearing\t the  first  category  of   officers
\nnamely Assistant Public Prosecutor Grade-1   and   Assistant
\nPublic\tProsecutor  Grade-II.  Those officers  belonging  to
\nCategories  11-VIII  do not have minimum practice  of  three
\nyears  at  the\tBar.  Whether  Assistant  Public  Prosecutor
\nGrades-1  and II failing under Category 1 are  eligible\t for
\nrecruitment to the lower rung in judicial service, in  that,
\nthey have three years’ practice at Bar, need not be  decided
\nin this review petition.  That question is left over.\n<\/p>\n
16.  In\t All  India Judges’ Assn.2 (review) this  Court\t has
\nclearly laid down the principle of minimum practice of three
\nyears.\tIf the rules prescribe for a longer standing in\t the
\nBar that does not, in any way, run counter to our  judgment.
\nIt  is\topen to the State of Kerala to\tprescribe  a  higher
\nqualification  as five years’ standing at the Bar.   In\t the
\ninstant\t case,\tthe rule prescribing  five  years’  standing
\nreads as follows
\n320<\/span>
\n\t      ”\t 10. (1) No Advocate shall be  eligible\t for
\n\t      appointment to category 2 unless he is  having
\n\t      practice\tat the Bar for a period of not\tless
\n\t      than five years and has not completed 35 years
\n\t      of age on the first day of January of the year
\n\t      in  which\t applications  for  appointment\t are
\n\t      invited.” (Rest omitted as unnecessary)
\nIt  is\thereby clarified this requirement  of  three  years’
\nminimum\t practice must be held to have come into force\tfrom
\n24-8-1993.\n<\/p>\n
17.  Subject to the above observations IA Nos. 14-16 of 1994
\nare dismissed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India All India Judges’ Assn vs Union Of India on 12 August, 1994 Equivalent citations: 1994 AIR 2771, 1994 SCC (6) 314 Author: M Venkatachalliah Bench: Venkatachalliah, M.N.(Cj) PETITIONER: ALL INDIA JUDGES’ ASSN. Vs. RESPONDENT: UNION OF INDIA DATE OF JUDGMENT12\/08\/1994 BENCH: VENKATACHALLIAH, M.N.(CJ) BENCH: VENKATACHALLIAH, M.N.(CJ) MOHAN, S. (J) CITATION: 1994 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-244202","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"\nAll India Judges' Assn vs Union Of India on 12 August, 1994 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court & High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/all-india-judges-assn-vs-union-of-india-on-12-august-1994\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"All India Judges' Assn vs Union Of India on 12 August, 1994 - 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