{"id":24771,"date":"1987-02-20T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1987-02-19T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/bachan-lal-kalgotra-vs-state-of-jammu-kashmir-and-others-on-20-february-1987"},"modified":"2016-06-08T13:30:33","modified_gmt":"2016-06-08T08:00:33","slug":"bachan-lal-kalgotra-vs-state-of-jammu-kashmir-and-others-on-20-february-1987","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/bachan-lal-kalgotra-vs-state-of-jammu-kashmir-and-others-on-20-february-1987","title":{"rendered":"Bachan Lal Kalgotra vs State Of Jammu & Kashmir And Others on 20 February, 1987"},"content":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n
Bachan Lal Kalgotra vs State Of Jammu & Kashmir And Others on 20 February, 1987<\/div>\n
Equivalent citations: 1987 AIR 1169, \t\t 1987 SCR (2) 369<\/div>\n
Author: O C Reddy<\/div>\n
Bench: Reddy, O. Chinnappa (J)<\/div>\n
           PETITIONER:\nBACHAN LAL KALGOTRA\n\n\tVs.\n\nRESPONDENT:\nSTATE OF JAMMU & KASHMIR AND OTHERS\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT20\/02\/1987\n\nBENCH:\nREDDY, O. CHINNAPPA (J)\nBENCH:\nREDDY, O. CHINNAPPA (J)\nNATRAJAN, S. (J)\n\nCITATION:\n 1987 AIR 1169\t\t  1987 SCR  (2) 369\n 1987 SCC  (2) 223\t  JT 1987 (1)\t520\n 1987 SCALE  (1)385\n\n\nACT:\n    Constitution  of Jammu & Kashmir: S. 6  Constitution  of\nIndia: Article 35A.\n    Jammu  &  Kashmir Resettlement Act,\t 1982--Validity\t of-\nRefugees from West Pakistan--Citizens of India--Domiciled in\nJ  &  K\t State for forty  years--Denied\t permanent  resident\nstatus,\t and basic rights of citizenship--Right\t to  acquire\nimmovable  property in the State, right to employment  under\nthe State, right to higher technical education and right  to\nbe elected to the State Assembly and local bodies  Permissi-\nbility of.\n\n\n\nHEADNOTE:\n    The\t refugees from West Pakistan who had  migrated\tinto\nthe  State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947 and had\t been  domi-\nciled in that State for nearly forty years are not permanent\nresidents as defined in s.6 of the Jammu and Kashmir Consti-\ntution,\t with  the result that they were disentitled  to  be\nincluded in the electoral rolls of the State Assembly, to be\nelected to village Panchayats, to be appointed to any  serv-\nice  under  the State Government by direct  recruitment,  to\npurchase  land\tin the State and to be\tadmitted  to  higher\ntechnical  educational institutions under the relevant\tActs\nand  Rules. Section 6(2) of the Jammu and Kashmir  Constitu-\ntion,  however, provides that permanent State  subjects\t who\nhad  migrated  to West Pakistan in 1947\t shah  be  permanent\nresidents of the State on their return to the State under  a\npermit\tfor resettlement, thereby entitling them to all\t the\nabove rights.\n    The\t petitioner, who claimed to speak on behalf  of\t the\nrefugees  from West Pakistan settled in the  State,  claimed\nthat be and other persons situated like him should at  least\nbe  given  the\tsame rights as are given to  those  who\t had\nvoluntarily migrated to West Pakistan at the time of  parti-\ntion in 1947, on their return to the State for resettlement.\nDismissing the writ petition, the Court,\n    HELD:  Section 12(1)(b) of the Jammu and Kashmir  Repre-\nsentation of the People, Act 1957 disqualifying a person for\nregistration in an\n370\nelectoral  roll\t if he is not a permanent  resident  of\t the\nState  as defined in s.6 of the Constitution, s.8(a) of\t the\nVillage Panchayat Act, 1958 disqualifying such a person\t for\nbeing  chosen as or for being member of a Panchayat, s.4  of\nthe  Land Alienation Act, 1995 B.K. prohibiting transfer  of\nland in favour of any person who is not a State subject, and\nr.17(a) of the Jammu and Kashmir Civil Services (Classifica-\ntion, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1956 rendering ineligible a\nperson who is not a hereditary State subject for appointment\nto any service under the State Government by direct recruit-\nment  are  not open to challenge as  inconsistent  with\t the\nrights\tguaranteed by Part III of the Constitution of  India\nbecause\t of the \"Constitution (Application to Jammu &  Kash-\nmir)  Order,  1954\" issued by the President of\tIndia  under\nArt.  370(1)(d) of the Constitution, by which Art.  35A\t was\nadded to the Constitution in relation to the State of  Jammu\nand Kashmir. [374B-E]\n    The\t petitioner  and those like him have  a\t justifiable\ngrievance. They have very anomalous rights within the State.\nThough citizens of India and entitled to the various  funda-\nmental rights guaranteed by the Constitution they are not in\na  position to enjoy many of those rights within that  State\nin which they are domiciled for nearly 40 years. In view  of\nthe peculiar constitutional position obtaining in the State,\nit  is upto the legislature of the State to take  action  to\nsuitably amend legislations, and for the State Government to\namend Service Rules and issue appropriate executive instruc-\ntions  to  make these persons eligible to  exercise  greater\nrights of citizenship. They constitute nearly seven to eight\nper  cent of the population of the State. Surely,  they\t are\nentitled to expect to be protected by the State. [376A-C]\n    The Union of India, in the peculiar context of the State\nalso  owes  an\tobligation to make some\t provision  for\t the\nadvancement of cultural, economic and educational rights  of\nthese persons. [376B]\n\n\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Writ Petition (Civil) No. 7698 of
\n1982.\n<\/p>\n
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India).
\nM.S. Ganesh, (Amicus Curiae) for the Petitioner.
\n    K. Parasaran, Attorney General, Altar Ahmed, Adv. Genl.,
\nS.K. Bhattacharya, Ms. A. Subhashini and H.C. Paonam for the
\nRespondents.\n<\/p>\n
371<\/span><\/p>\n
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
\n    CHINNAPPA  REDDY, J. The petitioner is the\tChairman  of
\nthe Action Committee of West Pakistani Refugees. He migrated
\nfrom West Pakistan to the State of Jammu & Kashmir in  India
\nin  1947  in the wake of the partition of  the\tcountry.  He
\nclaims to speak on behalf of the refugees from West Pakistan
\nwho migrated and settled in the State of Jammu & Kashmir. He
\ncontends  that\tnotwithstanding the fact that it  is  almost
\nfour  decades  since they migrated and settled down  in\t the
\nState of Jammu & Kashmir, they are denied many basic  rights
\nwhich  other  Indian  citizens have in other  parts  of\t the
\ncountry, such as, the right to acquire any immovable proper-
\nty  in the State, the right to employment under\t the  State,
\nthe right to start an industry, the right to purchase trans-
\nport vehicles, the right to higher technical education,\t the
\nright  to be elected to the State Assembly or a local  body,
\netc. He complains that while refugees from West Pakistan who
\nmigrated into the State of Jammu & Kashmir in 1947 and\thave
\nsettled down in the State are denied these rights,  recently
\nthe Jammu & Kashmir Legislature has enacted the Resettlement
\nAct,  1982 by which all these rights are given to  erstwhile
\nresidents of Jammu & Kashmir who had voluntarily migrated to
\nWest Pakistan at the time of the partition of the country in
\n1947  and  their children, who may now choose to  return  to
\nJammu  &  Kashmir. The present writ petition  was  initially
\nfiled  challenging the vires of the Resettlement Act,  1982.
\nThe  vires  of the Act is already awaiting the\tdecision  of
\nthis court in special reference No. 1 of 1982. The petition-
\ner, therefore, gave up the challenge to the vires of the Act
\nin  this  petition  leaving the question to  be\t decided  in
\nspecial\t reference no. 1 of 1982. For the purposes  of\tthis
\npetition, he now proceeds on the basis that the Act is valid
\nbut  claims  that  he and other persons\t situated  like\t him
\nshould\tat  least be given the same rights as are  given  to
\nthose who voluntarily migrated to  est Pakistan at the\ttime
\nof the partition in 1947.\n<\/p>\n
    It\tis  true  that the persons in the  position  of\t the
\npetitioner  who migrated from West Pakistan to the State  of
\nJammu  & Kashmir in the wake of the 1947 partition and\thave
\nsettled\t down  in the State in Jammu & Kashmir and  who\t are
\ncitizens of India and who also have the right to participate
\nin  elections  to  Parliament, have  very  anomalous  rights
\nwithin\tthe State. For example, they are not entitled to  be
\nincluded  in the electoral roll of the State Assembly,\tthey
\nare not entitled to be elected to a village panchayat,\tthey
\nare not entitled to purchase any land and they are also\t not
\nentitled  to  be appointed to any service  under  the  State
\nGovernment. All these denials and deprivations are
\n372<\/span>
\nthe consequence of the definition of a ‘permanent  resident’
\nunder  sec.6 of the Jammu & Kashmir Constitution. Sec. 6  is
\nas follows:\n<\/p>\n
\t      “Permanent residents–(1) Every person who is,
\n\t      or  is deemed to be, a citizen of India  under
\n\t      the  provisions of the Constitution  of  India
\n\t      shall be a permanent resident of the State, if
\n\t      on the fourteenth day of May, 1954–\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (a)  he was a State Subject of Class I  or  of
\n\t      Class II; or\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (b) having lawfully acquired immovable proper-
\n\t      ty in the State, he has been ordinarily  resi-
\n\t      dent in the State for not less than ten  years
\n\t      prior to that date.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (2) Any person who, before the fourteenth\t day
\n\t      of  May, 1954, was a State Subject of Class  I
\n\t      or  of Class II and who having migrated  after
\n\t      the first day of March, 1947, to the territory
\n\t      now included in Pakistan, returns to the State
\n\t      under  a permit for resettlement in the  State
\n\t      or for permanent return issued by or under the
\n\t      authority of any law made by the State  Legis-
\n\t      lature  shall  on such return be\ta  permanent
\n\t      resident of the State.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (3)  In  this section, the  expression  “State
\n\t      Subject of Class I or of Class II” shall\thave
\n\t      the same meaning as in (State Notification No.
\n\t      1-L\/84  dated the twentieth April, 1927,\tread
\n\t      with  State  Notification No. 13\/L  dated\t the
\n\t      twentyseventh June, 1932.)”\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
The 1927 Notification defining State Subject is as follows:\n<\/p>\n
\t      “The term State Subject means and includes–
\n\t      Class I.–All persons born and residing within
\n\t      the State before the commencement of the reign
\n\t      of His Highness the late Maharaja Ghulab Singh
\n\t      Sahib  Bahadur, and also persons\twho  settled
\n\t      therein before the commencement of Samvat year
\n\t      1942, and have since been permanently residing
\n\t      therein.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      Class  II.–All persons other than  those\t be-
\n\t      longing  to  Class I who\tsettled\t within\t the
\n\t      State  before the close of Samvat\t year  1968,
\n\t      and  have\t since permanently resided  and\t ac-
\n\t      quired immovable property therein.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      373<\/span><\/p>\n
\t      Class  III–All  persons,\t other\tthan   those
\n\t      belonging\t to  Classes I\tand  II\t permanently
\n\t      residing\twithin the State, who have  acquired
\n\t      under  a\trayatnama  any\timmovable   property
\n\t      therein  or  who may  hereafter  acquire\tsuch
\n\t      property under an ijazatnama and may execute a
\n\t      rayatnama after ten years continuous residence
\n\t      therein.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      Class  IV.–Companies which have\tbeen  regis-
\n\t      tered  as\t such within the  State\t and  which,
\n\t      being  companies in which the  Government\t are
\n\t      financially  interested or as to the  economic
\n\t      benefit  to  the\tState or  to  the  financial
\n\t      stability\t of which the Government are  satis-
\n\t      fied, have by a special order of His  Highness
\n\t      been declared to be State Subjects.
\n\t      Note  1  –In matters of grants of  the  State
\n\t      scholarships, State lands for agricultural and
\n\t      house  building  purposes and  recruitment  to
\n\t      State  service,  State  Subjects\tof  Class  I
\n\t      should  receive preference over other  classes
\n\t      and  those of Class II, over Class  III,\tsub-
\n\t      ject,  however, to the Order dated 31st  Janu-
\n\t      ary, 1927 of His Highness the Maharaja Bahadur
\n\t      regarding\t  employment  of  hereditary   State
\n\t      subjects in Government service.
\n\t      Note  II.–The descendants of the persons\t who
\n\t      have  secured the status of any class  of\t the
\n\t      State Subjects will be entitled to become\t the
\n\t      State Subjects of the same class. For example,
\n\t      if  A is declared a State Subject of Class  II
\n\t      his sons and grandsons will ipso facto acquire
\n\t      the  status of the same class (II) and not  of
\n\t      Class I.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      Note  III.–The  wife or a widow\tof  a  State
\n\t      Subject of any class shall acquire the  status
\n\t      of  her husband as State Subject of  the\tsame
\n\t      class  as her husband, so long as she  resides
\n\t      in the State and does not leave the State\t for
\n\t      permanent residence outside the State.
\n\t      Note IV.–For the purposes of the\t interpreta-
\n\t      tion  of the term ‘State Subject’ either\twith
\n\t      reference\t to  any law for the time  being  in
\n\t      force  or otherwise, the definition  given  in
\n\t      this Notification as amended up to date  shall
\n\t      be read as if such amended definition  existed
\n\t      in this Notification as originally issued.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
374<\/span><\/p>\n
    There is no dispute that the petitioner and others\tlike
\nhim are not ‘permanent residents’ of Jammu & Kashmir  within
\nthe meaning of sec.6 of the Jammu & Kashmir Constitution. It
\nis  because they are not permanent residents as\t defined  by
\nsec.6 of the Jammu & Kashmir Constitution, they do not\thave
\nthe  rights and privileges mentioned earlier. Sec. 12(b)  of
\nthe  Jammu & Kashmir Representation of the People  Act\tpro-
\nvides  that a person shall be disqualified for\tregistration
\nin  an electoral roll if he is not a permanent\tresident  of
\nthe  State  as\tdefined in Part\t III  of  the  Constitution,
\nsec.8(a)  of  the  Villages Panchayat Act  provides  that  a
\nperson\tshall  be disqualified for being chosen\t as  or\t for
\nbeing  a member of a Panchayat if he is not permanent  resi-
\ndent  of the State, sec.4 of the Land Alienation  Act,\t1995
\nBK.  provides that transfer of land in favour of any  person
\nwho  is not a State subject is prohibited and rule 17(a)  of
\nthe  Jammu & Kashmir Civil Services, Classification of\tCon-
\ntrol  and  Appeal  Rules provides that no  person  shall  be
\neligible  for appointment to any service by direct  recruit-
\nment  unless  he is a hereditary State subject to  be  known
\nhereafter as a permanent resident. It is to be noticed\there
\nthat  these provisions are not open to challenge  as  incon-
\nsistent\t with the rights guaranteed by Part III of the\tCon-
\nstitution of India because of “the Constitution (Application
\nto Jammu & Kashmir) Order, 1954” issued by the President  of
\nIndia under Art. 370(1)(d) of the Constitution by which Art.
\n35(A) was added to the Constitution in relation to the State
\nof Jammu & Kashmir. This Article states:\n<\/p>\n
\t      “35-A.  Notwithstanding anything contained  in
\n\t      this Constitution, no existing law in force in
\n\t      the  State  of  Jammu & Kashmir,\tand  no\t law
\n\t      hereafter\t enacted by the Legislature  of\t the
\n\t      State,\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (a)  defining the classes. of persons who\t are
\n\t      or shall be, permanent residents of the  State
\n\t      of Jammu & Kashmir; or\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (b)  conferring on such  permanent  residences
\n\t      any special rights and privileges or  imposing
\n\t      upon  other  persons any restrictions  as\t re-
\n\t      spects:-\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (i) employment under the State Government;\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (ii) acquisition of immovable property in\t the
\n\t      State;\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (iii) settlement in the State; or
\n\t      375<\/span>\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (iv)  right  to scholarships  and\t such  other
\n\t      forms  of\t aid  as the  State  Government\t may
\n\t      provide,
\n\t      shall be void on the ground that it is  incon-
\n\t      sistent  with  or takes away or  abridges
\n\t      any rights conferred on the other citizens  of
\n\t      India by any provisions of this part.”\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
The net result is that persons in the position of the  peti-
\ntioner, though citizens of India and entitled to the various
\nFundamental  Rights guaranteed by the Constitution, are\t not
\nin a position to enjoy many of those rights within the State
\nof  Jammu & Kashmir though they are domiciled in that  State
\nfor nearly 40 years.\n<\/p>\n
On  the other hand, those who had migrated to West  Pakistan
\nin 1947 and who may choose to return to the State of Jammu &
\nKashmir now, appear to stand in a better position. But\tthat
\nis  apparently\tbecause of the special position\t secured  to
\nthem in the Jammu & Kashmir Constitution itself. Sec.6(2) of
\nthe  Jammu  & Kashmir Constitution which  has  already\tbeen
\nextracted  by  us, expressly provides that such\t persons  if
\nthey were previously State Subjects of Class I and Class  II
\nshall be permanent residents of the State on their return to
\nthe  State  of Jammu & Kashmir from West  Pakistan  under  a
\npermit for resettlement in the State or for permanent return
\nissued\tby  or under the authority of any law  made  by\t the
\nState Legislature. It is pursuant to this provision that the
\nResettlement Act has been enacted.\n<\/p>\n
    In the circumstances, in view of the peculiar  Constitu-
\ntional\tposition obtaining in the State of Jammu &  Kashmir.
\nWe do not see what possible relief we can give to the  peti-
\ntioner\tand those situate like him. All that we can  say  is
\nthat  the position of the petitioner and those like  him  is
\nanomalous  and it is up to the Legislature of the  State  of
\nJammu
\n    Kashmir  to take action to amend legislature,  such\t as,
\nthe  Jammu & Kashmir Representation of the People  Act,\t the
\nLand  Alienation Act, the Village Panchayat Act, etc. so  as
\nto  make persons like the petitioner who have migrated\tfrom
\nWest Pakistan in 1947 and who have settled down in the State
\nof  Jammu & Kashmir since then, eligible to be\tincluded  in
\nthe  electoral roll, to acquire land, to be elected  to\t the
\nPanchayat,  etc. etc. This can be done by suitably  amending
\nthe legislations without having to amend the Jammu & Kashmir
\nConstitution.  In regard to providing employment  opportuni-
\nties  under  the  State Government. it can be  done  by\t the
\nGovernment  by amending the Jammu & Kashmir Civil  Services,
\nClassification\tof  Control and Appeal Rules. In  regard  to
\nadmission to higher technical educational
\n376<\/span>
\ninstitutions  also,  the Government may make  these  persons
\neligible by issuing appropriate executive directions without
\neven  having to introduce any legislation.  The\t petitioners
\nhave a justifiable grievance. We are told that they  consti-
\ntute nearly seven to eight per cent of the population of the
\nState of Jammu & Kashmir. Surely they are entitled to expect
\nto  be\tprotected by the State of Jammu &  Kashmir.  In\t the
\npeculiar context of the State of Jammu & Kashmir, the  Union
\nof India also owes an obligation to make some provision\t for
\nthe  advancement of the cultural, economic  and\t educational
\nrights\tof  these  persons. We do hope that  the  claims  of
\npersons\t like the petitioner and others to exercise  greater
\nrights\tof citizenship will receive due\t consideration\tfrom
\nthe Union of India and the State of Jammu & Kashmir. We are,
\nhowever, unable to give any relief to the petitioners.\n<\/p>\n
P.S.   S\t\t\t\t\t    Petition\ndismissed.\n377<\/span>\n\n\n\n<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India Bachan Lal Kalgotra vs State Of Jammu & Kashmir And Others on 20 February, 1987 Equivalent citations: 1987 AIR 1169, 1987 SCR (2) 369 Author: O C Reddy Bench: Reddy, O. Chinnappa (J) PETITIONER: BACHAN LAL KALGOTRA Vs. RESPONDENT: STATE OF JAMMU & KASHMIR AND OTHERS DATE OF JUDGMENT20\/02\/1987 BENCH: REDDY, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"\nBachan Lal Kalgotra vs State Of Jammu & Kashmir And Others on 20 February, 1987 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court & High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/bachan-lal-kalgotra-vs-state-of-jammu-kashmir-and-others-on-20-february-1987\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bachan Lal Kalgotra vs State Of Jammu & Kashmir And Others on 20 February, 1987 - 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