{"id":55483,"date":"1998-01-14T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1998-01-13T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/shri-a-b-krishna-ors-vs-the-state-of-karnataka-ors-on-14-january-1998"},"modified":"2016-01-23T02:16:14","modified_gmt":"2016-01-22T20:46:14","slug":"shri-a-b-krishna-ors-vs-the-state-of-karnataka-ors-on-14-january-1998","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/shri-a-b-krishna-ors-vs-the-state-of-karnataka-ors-on-14-january-1998","title":{"rendered":"Shri A.B.Krishna & Ors vs The State Of Karnataka & Ors on 14 January, 1998"},"content":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n
Shri A.B.Krishna & Ors vs The State Of Karnataka & Ors on 14 January, 1998<\/div>\n
Author: S Ahmad.<\/div>\n
Bench: S. Saghir Ahmad, D.P. Wadhwa<\/div>\n
           PETITIONER:\nSHRI A.B.KRISHNA & ORS.\n\n\tVs.\n\nRESPONDENT:\nTHE STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS.\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT:\t14\/01\/1998\n\nBENCH:\nS. SAGHIR AHMAD, D.P. WADHWA\n\n\n\n\nACT:\n\n\n\nHEADNOTE:\n\n\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n
\t       THE 14TH DAY OF JANUARY, 1998
\nPresent :\n<\/p>\n
\t       Hon’ble Mr. Justice S.Saghir Ahmad
\n\t       Hon’ble Mr. Justice D.P.Wadhwa
\nP.Mahale, Adv. for the appellants
\nM.Veerappa, Adv. for t he Respondents
\n\t\t      J U D G M E N T
\n     The following Judgment of the Court was delivered:
\nS.SAGHIR AHMAD. J.\n<\/p>\n
     Section 39\t of the\t Fire Force  Act, 1964\tunder  which
\nMysore Fire  Force has\tbeen established  gives\t rule-making
\npower to  the State  Government, in  exercise of  which\t the
\nState Government  made Mysore  Fire Force (Cadre Recruitment
\n)Rules, 1971.  Under these  Rules, promotion  to the post of
\nLeading Firemen\t is made  from the  post of  Firemen\/Firemen
\nDrivers.\n<\/p>\n
2.   In\t 1982,\tan  examination\t was  conducted\t for  making
\npromotion to  the post of Leading Firemen in accordance with
\nthe procedure  indicated in  the Rules, and a select list of
\n43 persons  including Respondent 4 and 5 was prepared out of
\nwhich nineteen\tpersons, ten  in one  batch and\t nine in the
\nother, were  promoted but thereafter the select list was not
\noperated. In  June, 1982,  the select list was not operated.
\nIn June,  1982, the Government of Karnataka, however, took a
\npolicy decision\t that promotion\t to  the  post\tof  Head  of
\nDepartment or  to the posts of Additional Head of Department
\nwould be  made by  Selection while  promotion on  all  other
\nposts would  be made on the basis of seniority-cum-merit and
\nnot by\tselection, including  selection through a qualifying
\nexamination, irrespective  of the  method specified  in\t the
\nRules of  Recruitment. In  view of this policy decision, the
\nKarnataka Civil\t Services (General  Recruitment) Rules, 1971
\nwere amended.  This was\t followed by  a Circular  which\t was
\nissued\tto  all\t the  Departments  indicating  therein\tthat
\nexamination, if\t any, prescribed under the Rules, may not be
\nheld for purpose of promotion.\n<\/p>\n
3.   In 1986,  after the  amendment of the General Rules, as
\nindicated above, the appellants were promoted to the post of
\nLeading Firemen\t on the\t basis\tof  their  seniority.  Their
\npromotion was  challenged by  respondents 4  and  5  on\t the
\nground\tthat   the   Karnataka\t Civil\t Services   (General
\nRecruitment) Rules,  1977 were\tnot applicable\tto the posts
\nunder the  present establishment  and that  promotion to the
\npost of\t Leading Firemen  shall continue to be government by
\nthe Rules  made by  the State Government under Section 39 of
\nthe  Fire   Force  Act,\t  1964,\t under\twhich  a  qualifying
\nexamination had\t to be passed before promotion which was not
\npassed by  the appellants  who were  promoted merely  on the
\nground of  seniority. This contention has been upheld by the
\nKarnataka  Administrative   Tribunal.  It  is  against\tthis
\nJudgment that the present appeal has been filed.
\n4    It\t is   contended\t by  the  learned  counsel  for\t the
\nappellants  that   the\tKarnataka  Civil  Services  (General
\nRecruitment) Rules,  1971 were amended in 1977 by Rules made
\nby the Government under Article 309 of the Constitution and,
\ntherefore, the\tMysore Fire Force (Cadre Recruitment) Rules,
\n1971 shall be deemed to have been superseded at least to the
\nextent that  t hey  make provision  for an examination to be
\npassed before  promotion which under the General Rules, have
\nto be  made on\tthe basis  of seniority alone and, therfore,
\nthe promotion  of  the\tappellants  made  on  the  basis  of
\nseniority could not have been set aside. It is contended, in
\nthe alternative\t that Rules made under Section 39 of the Act
\nhave been  made by the Government and not by the Legislature
\nand, therefore,\t if any Rule is made by the Government under
\nArticle 309 of the Constitution, it will positively displace
\nthe Rule made under Section 39 by the same authority namely,
\nthe Government\tand, therefore,\t those Rules shall be deemed
\nto have been impliedly superseded.\n<\/p>\n
5    Rule-making power,\t so far\t as services under the Union
\nor any\tState, are concerned, are vested in the President or
\nthe Governor,  as the  case may be, under Article 309 of the
\nConstitution which provides as under :-\n<\/p>\n
     “309.Recruitment and  conditions of
\n     service  of   persons  serving  the
\n     Union or  a  State-Subject\t to  the
\n     provisions\t of  this  constitution,
\n     Acts of the appropriate Legislature
\n     may regulate  the recruitment,  and
\n     conditions of  services  of  person
\n     appointed, to  public services  and
\n     posts  in\t connection   with   the
\n     affairs of\t the  Union  or\t of  any
\n     State:\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
     Provided that it shall be competent
\n     for the President or such person as
\n     he\t may   direct  in  the\tcase  of
\n     services and  posts  in  connection
\n     with the  affairs of the Union, and
\n     for the Governor of a State or such
\n     person as he may direct in the case
\n     of services and posts in connection
\n     with the  affairs of  the State, to
\n     make    rules     regulating    the
\n     recruitment, and  the conditions of
\n     service of\t persons  appointed,  to
\n     such  services   and  posts   until
\n     provision in that behalf is made by
\n     or under  an Act of the appropriate
\n     Legislature under this article, and
\n     any rules so made shall have effect
\n     subject to\t the provisions\t of  any
\n     such Act.”\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
6.   It is primarily the Legislature, namely, the Parliament
\nor the State Legislative Assembly, in whom power to make law
\nregulating the\trecruitment and\t conditions  of\t service  of
\npersons\t appointed   to\t public\t  services  and\t  posts,  in
\nconnection with\t the affairs  of the  Union or the State, is
\nvested. The  legislative field\tindicated in this Article is
\nthe same  as is\t indicated in  Entry 71\t of List  I  of\t the
\nSeventh Schedule  of Entry  41 of  List II of that Schedule.
\nThe Proviso,  however, gives  power to\tthe President or the
\nGovernor  to   make  Service   Rules  but  this\t is  only  a
\ntransitional provision as the power under the Proviso can be
\nexercised only\tso long\t as the Legislature does not make an
\nAct whereby  recruitment  to  public  posts  as\t also  other
\nconditions of service relating to that post are laid down.\n<\/p>\n
7.   The Rule-making  function under  the Proviso to Article
\n309 is\ta legislative  function. Since\tArticle 309  has  to
\noperate subject\t to other provisions of the Constitution, it
\nis obvious  that whether it is an Act made by the Parliament
\nor the\tState Legislature  which lays down the conditions of
\nservice or  it is  the Rule  made by  the President  or\t the
\nGovernor under\tthe Proviso to that Article, they have to be
\nin conformity  with the other provisions of the Constitution
\nspecially Article 14, 16 310 and 311.\n<\/p>\n
8.   The Fire  Services\t under\tthe  State  Government\twere
\ncreated and  established under the Fire Force Act, 1964 made
\nby the\tState Legislature.  It was  in exercise of the power
\nconferred under\t Section  39  of  the  Act  that  the  State
\nGovernment made\t Service Rules\tregulating the conditions of
\nFire  Service.\t Since\tFire   Service\thad  been  specially
\nestablished  under   an\t Act  of  the  Legislature  and\t the
\nGovernment, in\tpursuance of  the power\t conferred  upon  it
\nunder  that   Act,  has\t already  made\tService\t Rules,\t any
\namendment  in\tthe  Karnataka\t Civil\t Services   (General
\nRecruitment)  Rules,  1977  would  not\taffect\tthe  special
\nprovisions validly  made for  Fire Services.  As a matter of
\nfact, under  the scheme\t of Article 309 of the Constitution,
\nonce  a Legislature intervenes to enact a law regulating the
\nconditions of service, the power of Executive, including the
\nPresident or  the Governor,  as the case may  be, is totally
\ndisplaced on  the principle or “Doctrine of Occupied Field”.
\nIf, however, any matter is not touched by that enactment, it
\nwill  be   competent  for  the\tExecutive  to  either  issue
\nexecutive instructions\tor to  make a Rule under Article 309
\nin respect of th at matter.\n<\/p>\n
9.   It is  no doubt  true that\t the  Rule-making  authority
\nunder Article  309 of the Constitution and Section 39 of the
\nAct is\tthe same,  namely, the\tGovernment (to\t be precise,
\nGovernor, under Article 309 and Govt. under Section 39), but
\nthe two jurisdictions are different. As has been seen above,
\npower under Article 309 cannot be exercised by the Governor,
\nif the\tlegislature has\t already made a law and the field is
\noccupied. In that situation, Rules can be made under the Law
\nso made by the legislature and not under Article 309. It has
\nalso to\t be noticed that Rules made in exercise of the rule-
\nmaking power given under an Act constitute Delegated or Sub-
\nordinate legislation, but the Rules under Article 309 cannot
\nbe treated  to fall  in that category and, therefore, ont he
\nprinciple of  “occupied field”,\t the Rules under Article 309
\ncannot supersede the Rules made by the legislature.\n<\/p>\n
10.  So far  as the  question of implied supersession of the
\nRules made  under Section  39 of  the  Act  by\tthe  General
\nRecruitment Rules,  as amended in 1977, is concerned, it may
\nbe pointed  out that  the basic\t principle, as\tser  out  in
\nMaxwell’s Interpretation  of Statutes (11th edn., page 168),
\nis that :-\n<\/p>\n
     “A\t general   later  law  does  not
\n     abrogate an  earlier special one by
\n     mere     implication.     Generalia
\n     specialibus non  derogant,\t or,  in
\n     other  words,   ‘where  there   are
\n     general  words   in  a   later  Act
\n     capable of r easonable and sensible
\n     application without  extending them
\n     to subjects specially dealt with by
\n     earlier legislation, you are not to
\n     hold  that\t  earlier  and\t special
\n     legislation  indirectly   repealed,
\n     altered, or  derogated from  merely
\n     by force  of  such\t general  words,
\n     without   any   indication\t  of   a
\n     particular intention  to do  so. In
\n     such cases\t it is\tpresumed to have
\n     only general  cases it  is presumed
\n     to have only general cases in view,
\n     and not particular cases which have
\n     been already otherwise provided for
\n     by the special Act.”\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
11.  This principle  was reiterated  in\t Vera  Cruz’s  case,
\n(1884) 10 AC 59, as under :-\n<\/p>\n
     “Where there are general words in a
\n     later Act capable of reasonable and
\n     sensible\t application\t without
\n     extending\t  them\t  to\tsubjects
\n     specially\tdealt  with  by\t earlier
\n     legislation…  that   earlier  and
\n     special legislation  is not  to  be
\n     held   indirectly repealed, altered
\n     or derogated  from merely\tby force
\n     of such  general words  without nay
\n     indication\t   of\t a    particular
\n     intention to do so.”\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
12.  Vera Cruz’s  case was followed in Eileen Louise Nicolle
\nv. John Winter Nicolle, (1992) 1AC 284, as under :-\n<\/p>\n
     “It is  no doubt  a sound principle
\n     of all jurisprudence that\ta  prior
\n     particular law  is not easily to be
\n     held to be abrogated by a posterior
\n     law, expressed in general terms and
\n     by the  apparent generality  of its
\n     language applicable to and covering
\n     a number  of  cases  of  which  the
\n     particular law is but one.”\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
13.  To the above effect, is also the decision of this Court
\nin Maharaja Pratap Singh Bahadur v. Thakur Manmohan Dev, AIR<\/a>
\n1966 SC\t 1931 =\t (1966) 3 SCR 663, in which it was indicated
\nthat an\t earlier Special  Law cannot  be held  to have\tbeen
\nabrogated by  mere implication.\t That being so, the argument
\nregarding implied  supersession has  to be rejected for both
\nthe reasons set our above.\n<\/p>\n
14.  Applying the  above principle  to the  instant case, it
\nwill be\t noticed that the Rules made by the State Government
\nunder  Section\t39  of\tthe  Act  prescribe  the  qualifying
\nexamination as\ta condition  precedent for promotion to t he
\npost of\t Leading Firemen. These Rules have not been touched,
\naltered or  amended and\t they exist  in their original form.
\nWhat had  been done by the Government is that it has amended
\nthe General  Recruitment Rules\tby providing  therein the at
\nany promotion  made ont\t he higher  post would not be on the
\nbasis of examination, if any prescribed, but on the basis of
\nseniority. This is a Rule made by the Executive, namely, the
\nGovernor  under\t  Article  309\t of  the  Constitution.\t The
\namendment in  the General  Recruitment Rules  would not have
\nthe effect  of displacing  or altering\tthe Rules made under
\nSection 39  of the  Fire Force\tAct, 1964  as the Act of the
\nLegislature would  have precedence over any Rule made by the
\nExecutive under the Proviso to Article 309.\n<\/p>\n
15.  As pointed\t out earlier,  fire service  was created and
\nestablished under  Fire\t  Force Act,  1964 made by the State
\nLegislature  which  gave  rule-making  power  to  the  State
\nGovernment. Instead  of\t amending  the\tGeneral\t Recruitment
\nRules, the  Government could  well have\t exercised its power
\nunder Section 39 of the Fire Force Act, 1964 and amended the
\nRules specially\t made for the fire services. The Government,
\nhowever, in its wisdom, did not do it obviously because it n
\never intended  to touch\t the fire services specially created
\nby the State Legislature.\n<\/p>\n
16.  In view  of the  above, the  appeals have no merits and
\nthe same are dismissed but without any order as to costs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India Shri A.B.Krishna & Ors vs The State Of Karnataka & Ors on 14 January, 1998 Author: S Ahmad. Bench: S. Saghir Ahmad, D.P. Wadhwa PETITIONER: SHRI A.B.KRISHNA & ORS. Vs. RESPONDENT: THE STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS. DATE OF JUDGMENT: 14\/01\/1998 BENCH: S. SAGHIR AHMAD, D.P. WADHWA ACT: HEADNOTE: JUDGMENT: THE […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55483","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"\nShri A.B.Krishna & Ors vs The State Of Karnataka & Ors on 14 January, 1998 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court & High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/shri-a-b-krishna-ors-vs-the-state-of-karnataka-ors-on-14-january-1998\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Shri A.B.Krishna & Ors vs The State Of Karnataka & Ors on 14 January, 1998 - 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