{"id":67084,"date":"1993-05-14T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1993-05-13T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/v-k-sood-vs-secretary-civil-aviation-and-ors-on-14-may-1993"},"modified":"2016-05-19T19:14:57","modified_gmt":"2016-05-19T13:44:57","slug":"v-k-sood-vs-secretary-civil-aviation-and-ors-on-14-may-1993","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/v-k-sood-vs-secretary-civil-aviation-and-ors-on-14-may-1993","title":{"rendered":"V.K. Sood vs Secretary, Civil Aviation And Ors on 14 May, 1993"},"content":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n
V.K. Sood vs Secretary, Civil Aviation And Ors on 14 May, 1993<\/div>\n
Equivalent citations: 1993 AIR 2285, \t\t 1993 SCR (3) 772<\/div>\n
Author: K Ramaswamy<\/div>\n
Bench: Ramaswamy, K.<\/div>\n
           PETITIONER:\nV.K. SOOD\n\n\tVs.\n\nRESPONDENT:\nSECRETARY, CIVIL AVIATION AND ORS.\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT14\/05\/1993\n\nBENCH:\nRAMASWAMY, K.\nBENCH:\nRAMASWAMY, K.\nSINGH N.P. (J)\n\nCITATION:\n 1993 AIR 2285\t\t  1993 SCR  (3) 772\n 1993 SCC  Supl.  (3)\t9 JT 1993 (3)\t520\n 1993 SCALE  (2)921\n\n\nACT:\nConstitution  of India-Article 309 Proviso-Held, rules\tmade\nunder statutory-No motives can be attributed to\t Legislature\nin making law.\n\n\n\nHEADNOTE:\nThe  appellant\thad applied for recruitment as\tExaminer  of\nPersonnel  in  the  Department of Civil\t Aviation,  but\t was\nunsuccessful.  He challenged the qualifications detailed  in\nthe  advertisement as being discriminatory and\ttailor-made,\nwith  a\t view to exclude him.  He contended  that  while  he\nwould  have qualified under the 1969 Rules framed under\t the\nproviso\t to Article 309, the rules were amended in 1978\t and\n1989 with a view to deprive him of his chance.\nHe submitted that the court should regulate the prescription\nof higher qualifications and strict standards for navigators\nand pilots in view of the frequent air accidents.\nDismissing the appeal, this Court,\nHELD: (1) In exercise of rule making power under Proviso  to\nArt. 309, the President or authorised person is entitled  to\nprescribe  the\tmethod\t(of  recruitment,  educational\t and\ntechnical  qualifications  or  conditions  of  service\t for\nappointment  to\t an office or post under the  State.   These\nrules  being statutory cannot be impeached as being  tailor-\nmade to suit specific individuals. (777-B)\nB.s.  Vadera  v.  Union of India & Ors., AIR<\/a>  1969  SC\t118;\nGeneral manager, Southern Railway v. Rangachari<\/a> [1962] 2 SCR\n586  at 596; State of Mysore v. P.Narasing Rao<\/a> [19681 1\t SCR\n407 at 411; State of J & K v. Triloki Nath Khosa AIR<\/a> 1974SCI\nand  Sate of Orissa v.N.N.Swamy [1977] 2 SCC 508,  para\t 18,\nfollowed.\n(2)  No\t motives  can he attributed to\tthe  Legislature  in\nmaking the law. (777-C)\n773\n(3) The prescribed qualifications and the suitability of the\napplicant would be  tested by the UPSC. (777-C)\n(4)  It\t is  for  the  rule  making  authority\tor  for\t the\nLegislature to regulate the method of recruitment, prescribe\nqualifications etc.  It is not for this court to trench into\nand  prescribe\tqualifications,\t in  particular\t where\t the\nmatters are of a technical nature (777-F)\n\n\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2847 of 1993.
\nFrom  the  Judgment and Order dated 31.8.1990 of  the  Delhi
\nHigh Court in C.W. 2617 of 1989.\n<\/p>\n
Yogeshwar  Prasad, U.S Prasad, A.K. Lal Sinha, V.S.  Pandey,
\nMrs. Nidhi Pandey and S.M. Tripathi for the Appellant.
\nV.C. Mahajan, and S.N. Terdol for the Respondents.
\nThe Judgment of the Court was delivered by
\nK.RAMASWAMY, J. Special leave granted.
\nIn  response  to the advertisement No. 33 dated\t August\t 19,
\n1989  the appellant had applied for recruitment to the\tpost
\nof  Examiner  of  Personnel  in\t the  Department  of   Civil
\nAviation.   He was unsuccessful in the selection.  He  later
\non  challenged paras 3(i) and 3(ii) of the advertisement  on
\nthe   ground   that  the   qualifications   prescribed\t are
\ndiscriminatory and were tailor made.  He also contends\tthat
\nin  1969,  for the said post the  qualifications  prescribed
\nwere  1st  Class British or Indian Navigator  or  a  British
\nFlight Navigator licence with not less than 100 hours of air
\nexperience.    The   method  of\t  recruitment\twas   direct
\nrecruitment and the age prescribed was 45 years relaxable to
\nGovernment Servants.  He claims that he is having the  first
\nClass  licence with 100 hours of air navigation\t experience.
\nWith  a\t view to deprive him of the  change,  the  offending
\nrules  have been amended in 1978 substituting 300  hours  of
\ninstructional  flying and experience of not less  than\t2500
\nhours as Flight Navigator with category A and endorsement to
\nfly  VIPs  and VVIPs on all routes in I.A.F. air  crafts  or
\nshould hold or have held or Indian Flight Navigator Licence.
\nAccording  to him this rule was made with a view to  deprive
\nhim of his chance.  The Delhi High Court dismissed the\twrit
\npetition  summarily.   To appreciate the contention,  it  is
\nnecessary to read to rules.  As per the 1969 rules
\n774<\/span>
\nwhich  are statutory made under proviso to Art. 309  of\t the
\nConstitution,  the method of recruitment with  qualification
\nprescribed thereafter are thus:\n<\/p>\n
\t      “Essential\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (i) First Class British or Indian\t Navigators’
\n\t      Licence  with  not  less than  100  hours\t air
\n\t      experience.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      Desirable\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (i) Degree in Mathematics or in Engineering.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (ii) Experience of Goedetic Surveying.In\t1978
\n\t      clause A was amended and in its place  Clauses
\n\t      A(i) and (ii) were brought on the rules  which
\n\t      reads thus :\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      “A(i) Experience of an minimum of 300 hours of
\n\t      instructional  flying as qualified  Navigation
\n\t      Instructor.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (ii) Experience of not less than 2500 hours as
\n\t      Flight   Navioator  with\tcategory   “A”\t and
\n\t      endorsement to fly VIPs VVIPs on all routes in
\n\t      I.A.F. aircraft.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t\t\t\t       OR
\n\t      “B”  (i)\tShould hold or have held  an  Indian
\n\t\t\t    Flight Navigators’ licence.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (ii)  Experience\tof  2000  hours\t as   Flight
\n\t      Navigator on international Routes.
\n\t      Desirable\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (i)  Degree  in  Science\twith  Physics\tand-
\n\t      Mathematics    as\t  subject   of\t  recognised
\n\t      University or equivalent.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (ii) Experience as Navigation Instructor in  a
\n\t      recognised   Institution\t or   in   an\t Air
\n\t      Corporation.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      (iii) Commercial Pilot’s licence.\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Method\tof  recruitment is direct  recruitment\tthrough\t the
\nUnion Public Service
\n775<\/span>
\nCommission.  When the candidates in required number did\t not
\napply for, the rules have been further amended in 1989\twith
\nthe following modified qualifications
\n\t      Essential\n<\/p>\n
\t      1. 10+2 with Physics, Chemistry & Mathematics
\n\t      2(i)  should  have held  a  senior  Commercial
\n\t      Pilot’s Licence.\n<\/p>\n
\t      (ii) should have flying experience of not less
\n\t      than  2500  hours on multiengine\taircraft  of
\n\t      which  not  less than 250 hours should  be  as
\n\t      pilot-in-command.\n<\/p>\n
\t\t\t\t    OR\n<\/p>\n
\t      (i)   should  hold  or  should  have  held  an
\n\t      Indian Flight Navigator’s licence.\n<\/p>\n
\t      (ii)  should  have  not less  than  500  hours
\n\t      experience as Flight Navigator.\n<\/p>\n
\t      Desirable\n<\/p>\n
\t      1.   Degree  in  Science\twith   Physics\t and
\n\t      Mathematics of a recognised University or\t its
\n\t      equivalent.\n<\/p>\n
\t      2.  Experience as Navigation Instructor  in  a
\n\t      recognised  institute\/Flying  Club  or  in  an
\n\t      Airline.\n<\/p>\n
Method of recruitment-by direct recruitment failing which by
\ntransfer or deputation including short term contract).
\nAge: 50 years.\n<\/p>\n
It is not in dispute that these rules have been made by\t the
\nPresident exercising the power under proviso to Art. 309  of
\nthe Constitution which read thus :\n<\/p>\n
\t       “309.  Recruitment and conditions of  service
\n\t      of  persons  serving  the Union  or  a  State-
\n\t      Subject\t to   the   provisions\t  of\tthis
\n\t      Constitution,   Acts   of\t  the\t appropriate
\n\t      Legislature may regulate the recruitment,\t and
\n\t      conditions of service of persons appointed, to
\n\t      public  services and posts in connection\twith
\n\t      the affairs of the Union or of any State:\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
776<\/span><\/p>\n
\t      Provided\tthat it shall be competent  for\t the
\n\t      President\t or such person as he may direct  in
\n\t      the  case of services and posts in  connection
\n\t      with  the\t affairs of the Union, and  for\t the
\n\t      Governor\tof a State or such person as he\t may
\n\t      direct  in the case of services and  posts  in
\n\t      connection  with the affairs of the  State  to
\n\t      make rules regulating the recruitment, and the
\n\t      conditions of service of persons appointed, to
\n\t      such service and posts until provision in that
\n\t      behalf  is  made\tby or under an\tAct  of\t the
\n\t      appropriate  Legislature under  this  Article,
\n\t      and  any\trules  so  made\t shall\thave  effect
\n\t      subject to the provisions of any such Act.”\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
It would thus clear that the rules made by the President  or
\nauthorised  person under proviso to Art. 309 are subject  to
\nany law made by the Parliament and the power includes  rules
\nregulating the recruitment and the conditions of service  or
\npost.  They are statutory and legislative in character.\t The
\nstatutory rules thus made are subject to the law that may be
\nmade by the Parliament.\n<\/p>\n
In B.S Vadera v. Union of India & Ors. reported in AIR\t1969
\nSC  118,  this\tCourt held that the  rules  made  under\t the
\nproviso\t to Art. 309 of the Constitution shall\thave  effect
\nsubject to the provisions of the Act i.e. if the appropriate
\nlegislature has passed an Act, In its absence the rules made
\nby  the president or by such person as he may direct are  to
\nhave full effect.\n<\/p>\n
In  The\t General  Manager, Southern  Railway  v.  Rangachari<\/a>
\nreported  in  [1962] 2 SCR 586 at 596  another\tConstitution
\nBench held that equality of opportunity need not be confused
\nwith  absolute equality as such.  What is guaranteed is\t the
\nequality of opportunity and nothing more.  Article 16(1)  or
\n16(2) does not prohibit the prescription of reasonable rules
\nfor selection to any employment or appointment to any office
\nor  post.   Any provision as to the qualifications  for\t the
\nemployment  or appointment to an office or  post  reasonably
\nfixed  and  applicable to all citizens\twould  certainly  he
\nconsistent with the doctrine of the equality of opportunity.
\nIn  State  of Mysore, & Anr. v. P. Narasing  Rao<\/a>  report  in
\n1968]  1 SCR 407 at 411 this Court held that the  provisions
\nof  Art.  14 or Art. 16 do not exclude the  laying  down  of
\nselective  tests, nor do they preclude the  Government\tfrom
\nlaying\tdown qualifications for the post in question.\tSuch
\nqualifications need not be only technical but they can\talso
\nbe general qualifications relating to the suitability of the
\ncandidate  for such service as such.  The same was the\tview
\nin another Constitution Bench decision reported in The State
\nof  Jamu and Kashmir v. Triloki Nath Khosa & Ors.  AIR<\/a>\t1974
\nSC  1.\tIn  State of Orissa & Ant-. v.\tN.N.  Swamy  &\tOrs.<\/a>
\nreported  in [1977] 1 2 SCC 508 in paragraph 18, this  Court
\nheld that
\n777<\/span>
\nthe eligibility must not be confused with the suitability of
\nthe candidate for appointment.\n<\/p>\n
Thus  it  would be clear that, in the exercise of  the\trule
\nmaking power, the president or authorised person is entitled
\nto  prescribe  method of  recruitment,\tqualifications\tboth
\neducational   as  well\tas  technical  for  appointment\t  or
\nconditions  of\tservice\t to an office or a  post  under\t the
\nState.\tThe rules thus having been made in exercise of’\t the
\npower  under proviso to Art. 309 of the Constitution,  being
\nStatutory,  cannot  he\timpeached on  the  ground  that\t the
\nauthorities  have prescribed tailor made  qualifications  to
\nsuit the stated individuals whose names have been  mentioned
\nin the appeal.\tSuffice to state that it is settled law that
\nno  motives can be attributed to the Legislature  in  making
\nthe   law.    The  rules   prescribed\tqualifications\t for
\neligibility  and the suitability of the appellant  would  be
\ntested by the Union Public Service Commission.
\nIt  is next contended that several persons whose names\thave
\nbeen copiously mentioned in the appeal were not qualified to
\nhold the post of examiner and they were not capable even  to
\nset the test papers to the examiners nor capable to evaluate
\nthe  papers.  We are not called upon to decide the  legality
\nof  their appointments nor their credentials in this  appeal
\nas  that  question does not arise nor are  they\t before\t the
\ncourt.\t It is next contended by Mr. Yogeshwar\tprasad,\t the
\nlearned\t Senior counsel that on account of  inefficiency  in
\nthe pilots’ operational Capability repeatedly air  accidents
\nhave  been  occurring  endangering  the\t lives\tof  innocent
\ntravellers  and this Court should regulate the\tprescription
\nof   higher  qualifications  and  strict  standard  to\t the
\nnavigators  or to the pilots be instead on.  We\t are  afraid
\nthat  we cannot enter into nor undertake the  responsibility
\nin  that behalf’.  It is for the expert body and this  Court
\ndoes not have the assistance of experts.  Moreover it is for
\nthe rule making authority or for the legislature to regulate
\nthe method of recruitment, prescribe qualifications etc.  It
\nis  open  to  the  President or\t the  authorized  person  to
\nundertake  such exercise and that necessary tests should  be
\nconducted  by  U.P.S.C. before giving, the  certificates  to
\nthem.  This is not the province of this Court to trench into
\nand prescribe qualifications in particular when the  matters
\nare  of the technical nature.  It is stated in\tthe  counter
\naffidavit  that\t due  to advancement of\t technology  of\t the
\nflight\taviations the navigators are no longer required\t and
\ntherefore they are not coming in large number.\tDespite\t the
\nrepeated  advertisements  no suitable  candidate  is  coming
\nforward,  We do not go into fault aspect also and it is\t not
\nnecessary  for the purpose of this case.  Suffice  to  state
\nthat  pursuant to another advertisement made in\t July  1992,
\nthe  appellant is stated to have admittedly applied for\t and
\nappeared before the
\n778<\/span>
\nU.P.S.C.  for selection and that he is awaiting the   result
\nthereof.Under  these   circumstances.  we do  not  find\t any
\nsubstance   in\tthis  appeal.The  appeal   is\t accordingly
\ndismissed.No costs.\n<\/p>\n
U. R.\n<\/p>\n
\t\t\t       Appeal dismissed.\n<\/p>\n
779<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India V.K. Sood vs Secretary, Civil Aviation And Ors on 14 May, 1993 Equivalent citations: 1993 AIR 2285, 1993 SCR (3) 772 Author: K Ramaswamy Bench: Ramaswamy, K. PETITIONER: V.K. SOOD Vs. RESPONDENT: SECRETARY, CIVIL AVIATION AND ORS. DATE OF JUDGMENT14\/05\/1993 BENCH: RAMASWAMY, K. BENCH: RAMASWAMY, K. SINGH N.P. (J) CITATION: 1993 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-67084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"\nV.K. 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