{"id":72934,"date":"1966-01-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1966-01-17T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/m-v-krishnan-nambissan-vs-state-of-kerala-on-18-january-1966"},"modified":"2017-07-10T01:35:49","modified_gmt":"2017-07-09T20:05:49","slug":"m-v-krishnan-nambissan-vs-state-of-kerala-on-18-january-1966","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/m-v-krishnan-nambissan-vs-state-of-kerala-on-18-january-1966","title":{"rendered":"M. V. Krishnan Nambissan vs State Of Kerala on 18 January, 1966"},"content":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n
M. V. Krishnan Nambissan vs State Of Kerala on 18 January, 1966<\/div>\n
Equivalent citations: 1966 AIR 1676, \t\t 1966 SCR (3) 373<\/div>\n
Author: K Subbarao<\/div>\n
Bench: Subbarao, K.<\/div>\n
           PETITIONER:\nM.   V. KRISHNAN NAMBISSAN\n\n\tVs.\n\nRESPONDENT<\/a>:\nSTATE OF KERALA\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT:\n18\/01\/1966\n\nBENCH:\nSUBBARAO, K.\nBENCH:\nSUBBARAO, K.\nHIDAYATULLAH, M.\nBACHAWAT, R.S.\n\nCITATION:\n 1966 AIR 1676\t\t  1966 SCR  (3) 373\n\n\nACT:\nPrevention of Food Adulteration Act (37 of 1954), ss. 7\t and\n16(1) (a) (i) and Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules, rr.\n5,  44\tand  Appendix  B--Butter-milk--Standard\t of  quality\nwhether specified.\n\n\n\nHEADNOTE:\nThe  appellant\twas  the manager of a dairy  farm.   He\t was\ncharged with an offence under ss. 7 and 16(1) (a) (i) of the\nPrevention  of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, read with r.  44\nof the Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules, 1955, in that,\nhe  exposed  for  sale skimmed thick  buttermilk,  which  to\nanalysis,  was\tfound to be adulterated with  water  to\t the\nextent\tof  11\tper cent, and had thus\tnot  maintained\t the\nstandard  prescribed  for  butter-milk.\t  The  trial   Court\nacquitted him on the ground that no standard of quality\t was\nprescribed  for\t buttermilk.   On  appeal,  the\t High  Court\nconvicted  him, on the view that, the standard for milk\t has\nbeen  fixed  by the Rules, that the same standard  was\tmade\napplicable  to curd and that, as butter-milk was in  essence\ncurd  from  which  butter has  been  extracted,\t butter-milk\nshould\tcontain the same quantity of solids-notfat  as\tcurd\nshould contain.\nIn appeal to this Court,\nHELD.\tAppendix  B to the Prevention of  Food\tAdulteration\nRules,\twhich specifies the standards of quality of  various\narticles of food, shows that it is not an ingredient of\t the\ndefinition  of\tbutter-milk  that  it  should  contain\t any\nparticular percentage of solids-not-fat.  Wherever the\trule\nmaking\tauthority intended to prescribe a specific  standard\nfor the contents of a product, it definitely stated so,\t but\nin  the\t case  of butter-milk, no  standard.  for  'contents\neither\tspecifically  or with reference to  other  items  is\nprescribed.   The  only requirement is that it\tshall  be  a\nproduct\t obtained  after  removal of  butter  from  curd  by\nchurning  or  otherwise.  Therefore, the appellant  had\t not\ncommitted the offence with which he was charged. [377 C,  F-\nH]\n\n\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 93  of
\n1964.\n<\/p>\n
Appeal from the judgment and order dated October 11, 1963 of
\nthe Kerala High Court in Criminal Appeal No. 153 of 1962.
\nR.   Ganapathy Iyer, for the appellant.\n<\/p>\n
P.   Govinda Menon and M. R. K. Pillai, for the respondent.
\nThe judgment of the Court was delivered by
\nSubba  Rao, J. The appellant is the manager of\tthe  Palghat
\nDepot of Messrs.  Nambissan’s D. V. Dairy Farm.\t On July 20,
\n1961,  one  of\tthe Food Inspectors visited  his  depot\t and
\npurchased from the second accused, the salesman in charge of
\nthe depot, two
\n374<\/span>
\nnazhies\t of  “skimmed thick butter-milk” out  of  the  stock
\nexposed\t for sale in the depot.\t He sent a sample of it\t for
\nanalysis  to the Public Analyst.  The Analyst reported\tthat
\nthe  solids-not-fat content in the said sample was  7.5\t per
\ncent,  as against 8.5 per cent. prescribed for curd: he\t was
\nof  the opinion that the sample contained not less  than  II
\nper  cent. of added water.  When the sample was\t analysed  a
\nfew  months later by the Central Food Analyst,\the  reported
\nthat  the solids-not-fat content in the sample was only\t 6-4
\nper  cent.  Thereupon a complaint was filed in the Court  of
\nthe  District  Magistrate (Judicial), Palghat,\tagainst\t the
\nappellant  and\this sales-man-we are not concerned  in\tthis
\nappeal\twith the charge against the sales-man.\t The  charge
\nagainst the appellant was that he committed an offence under
\ns.   16(1)(a)(i)  and  s.  7  of  the  Prevention  of\tFood
\nAdulteration  Act, 1954 (37 of 1954) hereinafter called\t the
\nAct, read with r. 44 of the Prevention of Food\tAdulteration
\nRules,\t1955,  hereinafter  called the\tRules.\t The  charge
\nagainst\t him  was that he exposed for  sale  “skimmed  thick
\nbutter-milk”  which on analysis was found to be\t adulterated
\nwith  water  to\t the extent of II  per\tcent.\tThe  learned
\nDistrict  Magistrate,  on  a  consideration  of\t the  entire
\nevidence placed before him, came to the conclusion that\t the
\nappellant  was not guilty of the offence with which  he\t was
\ncharged: he held that no standard of quality was  prescribed
\nfor  butter-milk  and, therefore, the accused could  not  be
\nconvicted  for the offence under the Act and the Rules.\t  On
\nappeal,\t the High Court took the view that the standard\t for
\nmilk had been fixed by the Rules, that the same standard was
\nmade  applicable  to curd and that, as\tbutter-milk  was  in
\nessence\t curd  from  which butter had  been  extracted,\t the
\nbutter-milk should contain the same quantity of\t solids-not-
\nfat  as\t curd should contain.  On this reasoning,  the\tHigh
\nCourt held that, as the sample showed only 6.4 per cent.  of
\nsolids-not-fat\tcontent while it should have  contained\t 8.5
\nper cent. of it, the accused had committed the offence under
\nthe  said provisions and sentenced him to pay a fine of\t Rs.
\n100\/-,\tin  default to suffer simple  imprisonment  for\t one
\nmonth.\tHence the present appeal, by certificate.
\nMr.  R. Ganapathy Iyer, learned counsel for  the  appellant,
\ncontended   that  the  appellant  was  prosecuted  for\t not
\nmaintaining  the  standard prescribed  for  butter-milk\t and
\nthat,  as no standard ,”,as in fact prescribed for the\tsaid
\nproduct, the High Court went wrong in convicting him.
\nTo appreciate this contention it is necessary to notice\t the
\nrelevant provisions of the Act and the Rules.\n<\/p>\n
\t      Section 2(i)(1).\tAn article of food shall  be
\n\t      deemed  to  be adulterated if the\t quality  or
\n\t      purity   of  the\tarticle\t falls\t below\t the
\n\t      prescribed standard or its constituents are
\n\t\t\t\t   375<\/span>
\n\t      present  in quantities which are in excess  of
\n\t      the prescribed limits of variability.\n<\/p>\n
\t      Section  7. No person shall himself or by\t any
\n\t      person on his behalf manufacture for sale,  or
\n\t      store, sell or distribute:\n<\/p>\n
\t      (i)   any adulterated food:\n<\/p>\n
\t      (ii)  any misbranded food;\n<\/p>\n
\t      (V)   any article of food in contravention  of
\n\t      any other provision of this Act or of any rule
\n\t      made thereunder.\n<\/p>\n
\t      Section 16. (i) If any person-\n<\/p>\n
\t      (a)   whether  by himself or by any person  on
\n\t      his behalf imports into India or\tmanufactures
\n\t      for  sale,  or  stores,  or  distributes,\t any
\n\t      article of food in contravention of any of the
\n\t      provisions  of  this Act or of any  rule\tmade
\n\t      thereunder.\n<\/p>\n
\t      he shall, in addition to the penalty to  which
\n\t      he may be liable under the provisions of s. 6,
\n\t      be punishable….\n<\/p>\n
In  exercise of the power conferred under s. 23 of the\tAct,
\nthe  Central Government made rules defining the standard  of
\nquality\t  for,\t and  fixing  the  limits   of\t variability
\npermissible  in\t respect of, any article of  food.   Rule  5
\nreads:\n<\/p>\n
\t      “Standards of quality of the various  articles
\n\t      of food specified in Appendix B to these Rules
\n\t      are as defined in that Appendix.”
\n\t\tAPPENDIX B
\n\t      A.11.01.Milk means the normal clean and  fresh
\n\t      secretion obtained by complete milking of\t the
\n\t      udder of a healthy cow, buffalo, goat or sheep
\n\t      during the period following at least 72  hours
\n\t      after calving or until colostrum free  whether
\n\t      such secretion has been processed or not.
\n\t      A.11.01.01.Cow  milk  shall contain  not\tless
\n\t      than 3.5\t per  cent  of milk fat,  except  in
\n\t      Orissa, where it shall be not less than 3\t per
\n\t      cent and in Punjab and PEPSU where it shall be
\n\t      not  less then 4.0 per cent.  The milk  solids
\n\t      other than milk fat shall be not less than 8.5
\n\t      percent.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\t      A.11.01.02.Buffalo milk shall contain not less
\n\t      than 5.0 per cent of milk fat except in Delhi,
\n\t      Punjab,  PEPSU,  Uttar  Pradesh,\tBihar,\tWest
\n\t      Bengal, Assam, Bombay and Saurashtra where  it
\n\t      shall not be less than 6 per cent.  The
\n\t      Sup.  CI\/66-11
\n376<\/span>
\n.lm15
\nmilk solids other than milk fat shall not be less than 9 per
\ncent.\n<\/p>\n
A.11.01.03.Goat\t or  sheep milk shall contain  not  less
\nthan  3.0  per cent of milk fat except\tin  Madhya  Pradesh,
\nPunjab,\t PEPSU, Bombay, Uttar Pradesh  and  TravancoreCochin
\nwhere  it  shall be not less than 3.5 per  cent.   The\tmilk
\nsolids\tother  than milk fat, shall be not less than  9\t per
\ncent.\n<\/p>\n
Where  milk, other than skimmed milk is sold or offered\t for
\nsale without any indication as to whether it is derived from
\ncow,  buffalo,\tgoat, or sheep the standard  prescribed\t for
\nbuffalo milk shall apply.\n<\/p>\n
A.11.02.Skimmed\t milk, either fresh or reconstituted,  means
\nmilk from which all or most of the milk fat has been removed
\nby  mechanical or any other process and includes  “separated
\nmilk” or “machine skimmed milk”.  The milk solids other than
\nmilk fat shall be not less than 8.5 per cent.
\nA.11.03.Butter-milk means the product obtained after removal
\nof butter from curds by churning or otherwise.
\nA.11.05.(a)  Table  (creamery)\tbutter\tmeans  the   product
\nprepared  exclusively  from milk, cream or curd\t of  cow  or
\nbuffalo\t or  a\tcombination  thereof  with  or\twithout\t the
\naddition of salt and coloured with annatto and shall contain
\nnot  less than 80 per cent of milk fat and not more than  16
\nper  cent  of moisture.\t No preservative is  permissible  in
\ntable  butter.\tDiacetyl may be added for flavour but  shall
\nnot exceed 4 parts per million.\n<\/p>\n
(b)Deshi  (cooking)  butter  means  the\t product  prepared
\nexclusively from milk, cream or curd of cow or buffalo or  a
\ncombination thereof, without the addition of any salt or any
\ncolour or any preservative and intended exclusively for\t use
\nin cooking or for preparation of ghee.\tIt shall contain not
\nmore  than 20 per cent of moisture and not less than 76\t per
\ncent of milk fat.  Where butter is sold or offered for\tsale
\nwithout\t any indication as to whether it is table butter  or
\ndeshi butter, the standards of quality prescribed for  table
\nbutter shall apply.\n<\/p>\n
A.11.06.Dahi  or curd-(a) Whole milk dahi or curd means\t the
\nproduct\t obtained  from fresh whole milk either\t of  cow  or
\nbuffalo by souring.  It shall not contain any ingredient not
\nfound in Milk except sucrose and\/or gur.\n<\/p>\n
\t\t\t    377<\/span><\/p>\n
(b)Skimmed milk dahi or curd means the product obtainedfrom
\nskimmed milk either of cow or buffalo by souring. It
\nshall  not contain any ingredient not found  in\t milk,except
\nsucrose and\/or gur.\n<\/p>\n
The standard of purity of dahi or curd shall be the same  as
\nprescribed for the milk from which it is derived-
\nWhere dahi or curd, other than skimmed milk dahi is sold  or
\noffered for sale without any indication as to whether it  is
\nderived\t from cow or buffalo milk, the standards  prescribed
\nfor dahi prepared from buffalo milk shall apply.
\nIt  will be seen from the said provisions that it is not  an
\ningredient  of the definition of butter-milk that it  should
\ncontain\t  any  particular  percentage\tof   solids-not-fat.
\nIndeed, no standard in regard to its contents is prescribed.
\nThe only standard, if it may be described as one, is that it
\nshall  be  a product obtained after removal of\tbutter\tfrom
\ncurd by churning or otherwise.\tIt is not suggested that the
\nbutter-milk  in question was not a product obtained  in\t the
\nmanner\tdescribed  thereunder.\tPrime facie,  therefore,  it
\nfollows\t that  the appellant has not committed\tany  offence
\nwith which he: was charged, namely, that he had added  water
\nto the extent of II per cent to the butter-milk.
\nMr. Govinda Menon, learned counsel for the State,  contended
\nthat  a fair reading of the definition of the  various\tmilk
\nproducts  in Appendix B leads to an irresistible  conclusion
\nthat  for  buttermilk the same\tstandard  of  solids-not-fat
\nprescribed for curds would apply.  It was said that  butter-
\nmilk  was  nothing more than curd from which  fat  had\tbeen
\nremoved and, therefore, there was no reason why, apart\tfrom
\nfat, the other contents should be different from those found
\nin the milk.\n<\/p>\n
It will be seen from the definitions of the various products
\nin Appendix B to the Rules, which we have already extracted,
\nthat   wherever\t the  rule-making  authority   intended\t  to
\nprescribe a specific standard for the contents of a product,
\nit  definitely states so.  The standards  of  solids-not-fat
\nare  fixed  for\t the milk of cow, buffalo,  goat  or  sheep.
\nThough\tstandards are, fixed for the said milk products,  in
\ndefining  “skimmed  milk”, “deshi (cooking) butter”,  and  ”
\nskimmed\t milk  dahi  or curd” the  standard  of\t quality  is
\nprescribed  with reference to other products.  But  when  we
\ncome  to  buttermilk, no standard for  its  contents  either
\nspecifically or with reference to other items is prescribed.
\nA  comparative\tstudy of the said items leaves no  room\t for
\ndoubt that the rule making authority, for reasons, which, we
\nthink,\tare  obvious  has not thought  fit  or\tfeasible  to
\nprescribe  any\tsuch standard in regard to the\tcontents  of
\nbutter-milk.  We cannot by inference read some thing in\t the
\ndefinition  of butter-milk which is not there.\t The  reason
\nfor this omis-\n<\/p>\n
378<\/span><\/p>\n
sion  is presumably due to the fact that it is not  possible
\nto   maintain\tin  butter-milk\t the  same   percentage\t  of
\nsolids-not-fat\tcontent\t as is found in curds or  milk,\t for
\nwater  will  be added in the process of\t making\t butter-milk
\nowing  to  the\tfact that butter grains in  the\t churn\t.are
\nwashed\twith cold water which will run off into the  butter-
\nmilk.\tAnyhow, we would prefer to rest our judgment on\t the
\nabsence\t of fixation of any standard in respect\t of  butter-
\nmilk rather than on the process of conversion of curds\tinto
\nbutter-milk.  We should not be understood to have  expressed
\nany  view  on the question whether a  prosecution  could  be
\nlaunched  for adulteration of butter-milk under\t some  other
\nclauses\t of the definition of “adulterated” in s. 2  of\t the
\nAct,  for in the present case the prosecution was  only\t for
\nnot maintaining the standard.\n<\/p>\n
In the result, the order of the High Court is set aside\t and
\nthat -of the District Magistrate is restored.  The fine,  if
\nit had already been collected, shall be refunded
\nAppeal allowed.\n<\/p>\n
379<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India M. V. Krishnan Nambissan vs State Of Kerala on 18 January, 1966 Equivalent citations: 1966 AIR 1676, 1966 SCR (3) 373 Author: K Subbarao Bench: Subbarao, K. PETITIONER: M. V. KRISHNAN NAMBISSAN Vs. RESPONDENT: STATE OF KERALA DATE OF JUDGMENT: 18\/01\/1966 BENCH: SUBBARAO, K. BENCH: SUBBARAO, K. HIDAYATULLAH, M. BACHAWAT, R.S. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-72934","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"\nM. V. 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