{"id":93879,"date":"1973-11-08T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1973-11-07T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/kuso-sah-vs-the-state-of-bihar-ors-on-8-november-1973"},"modified":"2017-12-23T19:03:31","modified_gmt":"2017-12-23T13:33:31","slug":"kuso-sah-vs-the-state-of-bihar-ors-on-8-november-1973","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/kuso-sah-vs-the-state-of-bihar-ors-on-8-november-1973","title":{"rendered":"Kuso Sah vs The State Of Bihar &amp; Ors on 8 November, 1973"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"docsource_main\">Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_title\">Kuso Sah vs The State Of Bihar &amp; Ors on 8 November, 1973<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_citations\">Equivalent citations: 1974 AIR  156, \t\t  1974 SCR  (2) 195<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_author\">Author: Y Chandrachud<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc_bench\">Bench: Chandrachud, Y.V.<\/div>\n<pre>           PETITIONER:\nKUSO SAH\n\n\tVs.\n\nRESPONDENT:\nTHE STATE OF BIHAR &amp; ORS.\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT08\/11\/1973\n\nBENCH:\nCHANDRACHUD, Y.V.\nBENCH:\nCHANDRACHUD, Y.V.\nDWIVEDI, S.N.\nGOSWAMI, P.K.\n\nCITATION:\n 1974 AIR  156\t\t  1974 SCR  (2) 195\n 1974 SCC  (1) 185\n CITATOR INFO :\n RF\t    1975 SC1215\t (5)\n R\t    1987 SC 998\t (6)\n\n\nACT:\nConstitution  of  India\t Art.  32-Habeas   Corpus-Petitioner\ndetained  for two reasons : maintenance of public order\t and\nmaintenance  of essential supplies and services-Two  out  of\nthree  grounds in respect of first reason found\t irrelevant-\nHeld entire order of detention is illegal as the two reasons\ncannot be bifurcated.\n\n\n\nHEADNOTE:\nThe  petitioner\t was  detained\tpursuant  to  an  order\t  of\ndetention  dated  April\t 2  1973  passed  by  the   District\nMagistrate,   Monghyr,\twith  a\t view  to   preventing\t the\npetitioner  from  \"acting in any manner prejudicial  to\t the\nmaintenance of public order and the maintenance' of supplies\nand  services  essential to the community.\" The\t grounds  of\ndetention  served on the petitioner on April 6,\t 1973`\twere\ndivided\t into two parts, the first relating to public  order\nand the second to essential supplies and services.  Two\t out\nof  the\t three grounds mentioned in the first part  set\t out\nfacts  which referred respectively to a stray incident on  a\npublic\tstreet\tand an assault on a  public.  servant.\t The\npetitioners  challenged the order of detention by  a  habeas\ncorpus petition in this Court.\nAllowing the Petition,\nHELD  :\t (1) The two concepts law and  order'  'and  'public\norder'\thave well defined contours.  Stray  and\t unorganised\ncrimes of theft and assault are not matters of public  order\nsince  they  do not fend to affect the even flow  of  public\nlife.\tInfractions of law we bound in some measure to\tlead\nto disorder but every infraction of law does not necessarily\nresult\tin  public disorder.  \"Law and order  comprehends  &amp;\norders of less gravity than these affecting \"public  order\",\njust as public order, comprehends disorders of less  gravity\nthan those affecting \"security of State.    [196G]\n<a href=\"\/doc\/1460182\/\">Pushkar\t Mukherjee  and others v. The State of\tWest  Bengal<\/a>\n[1969] 2 S.C.R. 635, 642 and Dr. Ram Manoher Lohia v., State\nof Bihar and Others [1966] 1 S.C.R. 709, 746. referred to.\n(2)Two of the grounds on which the order of detention  rests\nbear  no  rational connection with \"public  order\",  in\t the\ninterests   of\twhich  the  petitioner was  ordered  to\t be\ndetained.   The order of detention expressly states that  it\nwas passed with a view to preventing the petitioner    from.\nacting\tin  a  manner\tprejudicial to\tthe  maintenance  of\npublic\torder  and the maintenance of supplies\tand  service\nessential to the community, and the District Magistrate\t was\nsatisfied   that if the petitioner was allowed to remain  at\nlarge  he  will indulge in activities\tprejudicial  to\t the\nmaintenance of public order and\t  maintence of supplies\t and\nservices  essential  to\t the  community.   The\ttwo  reasons\nmaintenance of public order and maintenance of supplies\t and\nservices  essential  to the community  cannot  therefore  be\nbifurcated  and\t considered in\tseparate  compartments.\t The\nsubjective satisfaction of the detaining authority  embraces\nboth  the  reasons and since two out of\t the  three  grounds\nmentioned in the first part are irrelevant, the entire order\nis illegal. [179D, 198D]\nPushkar Mukherjee &amp; Ors.  V, The State of West Bengal [1969]\n2 S.C.R. 635, 642 and <a href=\"\/doc\/372495\/\">Motilal Jain v. State of Bihar &amp;\tOrs.<\/a>\n[1968] 3 S.C.R, 587, 593, referred to.\n\n\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n<p>ORlGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition No. 1607 of. 1973.<br \/>\nUnder.Article 32 of the Constitution for issue of a Writ  in<br \/>\nthe  nature of habeas corpus.\n<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">196<\/span><\/p>\n<p>P. K. Chatterjee and Rathin Das, for the petitioner.<br \/>\nK.   K. Sinha and S. K. Sinha for the, respondents.<br \/>\nThe  Judgment of the Court was delivered by<br \/>\nCHANDRACHUD    J.-By this petition for the,  writ  of  ha as<br \/>\ncorpus,\t the  petitioner challenges an\torder  of  detention<br \/>\ndated  April  2,  1973 passed by  the  District\t Magistrate,<br \/>\nMonghyr\t with  a  view to  preventing  the  petitioner\tfrom<br \/>\n&#8220;acting\t in  any manner prejudicial to\tthe  maintenance  of<br \/>\npublic\torder and the maintenance of supplies  and  services<br \/>\nessential to the community<br \/>\nThe  grounds of detention served on the petitioner on  April<br \/>\n6, 1973 are divided into two parts, the first part referring<br \/>\nto  acts prejudicial to the maintenance of public order\t and<br \/>\nthe  second  to\t those prejudicial  to\tthe  maintenance  of<br \/>\nsupplies and services essential to the community.<br \/>\nTwo  out  of the three grounds mentioned in the\t first\tpart<br \/>\nread thus<br \/>\n\t      &#8220;(b)  On 20-1-71 at about 2 A.M. he  and his<br \/>\n\t      brother,\tGarib  Sao were leading\t two  trucks<br \/>\n\t      with stolen Railway property in a car  bearing<br \/>\n\t      No.  WBJ 6949.  On the railway  crossing\tnear<br \/>\n\t      Jamui Rly.  Station other,, standing trucks on<br \/>\n\t      the  road caused a bottleneck in\this  hurried<br \/>\n\t      journey.\t This  led to a clash  and  his\t men<br \/>\n\t      assaulted\t the  truck drivers  and  threatened<br \/>\n\t      them with fire arms.  Some 15 of his Men\twere<br \/>\n\t      arrested then an( there by the Police with the<br \/>\n\t      help of the public while he managed to  escape<br \/>\n\t      along with his brother in the, car bearing No.<br \/>\n\t      WBJ 6948.\t This car is registered in the\tname<br \/>\n\t      of   his\tbrother\t Rabig\tSao.   A  case\t was<br \/>\n\t      registered in this connection vide  Lakshmipur<br \/>\n\t      P.S. Case No. 9 (1) 71 dated 20-1-71.\n<\/p>\n<p>\t      (c)He  assaulted\tShri Ram  Singhasan  Rai,<br \/>\n\t      Asst.  Suptd.  Commercial Taxes,\tIntelligence<br \/>\n\t      Branch, Bhagalpur who had gone to his  factory<br \/>\n\t      in  course of his duties and discharge of\t his<br \/>\n\t      legal obligations as Asst.  Suptd.  Commercial<br \/>\n\t      Taxes  Intelligence Branch and  in  connection<br \/>\n\t      therewith\t he has been arrested.\tin  Jamalpur<br \/>\n\t      P.S.  case No. 21 dated 29-8-72 u\/s 143,\t333,<br \/>\n\t      307, 325 etc.  I.P.C.&#8221;\n<\/p>\n<p>These  acts may raise problems of law and order but we\tfind<br \/>\nit impossible to see their impact on public order.  The\t two<br \/>\nconcepts   have\t well  defined\tcontours,  it\tbeing\twell<br \/>\nEstablished  that stray and unorganised crimes of theft\t and<br \/>\nassault\t are not matters of public order since they  do\t not<br \/>\ntend to affect the even flow of public life.  Infractions of<br \/>\nlaw are bound in some measure to lead to disorder but  every<br \/>\ninfraction  of\tlaw does not necessarily  result  in  public<br \/>\ndisorder.   As observed in Pushkar Mukherjee &amp;.Ors.  v.\t The<br \/>\nState of West Bengal(1), a line of demarcation must be drawn<br \/>\nbetween\t serious  and  aggravated forms\t of  disorder  which<br \/>\ndirectly affect the community or injure the public  interest<br \/>\nand the relatively minor breaches of peace of a purely local<br \/>\nsigni-\n<\/p>\n<p>(1)[1969] 2 S.C.R. 635, 642.\n<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">197<\/span><\/p>\n<p>ficance which primarily injure specific individuals and only<br \/>\nin  a secondary sense public interest.\t&#8216;In Dr. Ram  Manohar<br \/>\nLohia  v. State of Bihar and, Ors.,(1) Hidayatullah, J.\t has<br \/>\nexpressed this concept picturesquely by saying that one\t has<br \/>\nto   imagine  three  concentric\t circles;  law\t and   order<br \/>\nrepresents  the\t largest  circle within which  is  the\tnext<br \/>\ncircle\trepresenting  public order and the  smallest  circle<br \/>\nrepresents   the  security  of\tState.\t &#8220;Law  and   Order&#8221;.<br \/>\ncomprehends  disorders of less gravity than those  affecting<br \/>\n&#8220;public order&#8221;, just as &#8220;public order&#8221; comprehends disorders<br \/>\nof less gravity than those affecting &#8220;security of State&#8221;.<br \/>\nThe  facts set out in ground (b) of the first part refer  to<br \/>\nno  more  than a stray and simple fracas arising  out  of  a<br \/>\ntraffic\t bottleneck  on a public street.  Those set  out  in<br \/>\nground\t(1)  refer  to\tan  assault  on\t a  public  servant,<br \/>\nundoubtedly reprehensible if true, but not of the kind\tthat<br \/>\nwould reasonably affect public order.\n<\/p>\n<p>Thus,  two  of the grounds on which the order  of  detention<br \/>\nrests  bear no rational connection with &#8220;public\t order&#8221;,  in<br \/>\nthe  interests\tof which the petitioner was  ordered  to  be<br \/>\ndetained.  This Court in Pushkar Mukherjee&#8217;s case observed :<br \/>\n&#8220;that  it  is  well  established  that\tthe   constitutional<br \/>\nrequirement  that  the\tgrounds must not be  vague  must  be<br \/>\nsatisfied  with\t regard\t to each of  the  grounds&#8230;&#8230;\t and<br \/>\ntherefore even if one ground is vague. and the other grounds<br \/>\nare  not  vague,  the detention is not\tin  accordance\twith<br \/>\nprocedures established by law and is therefore illegal.\t The<br \/>\npower  to detain a person without the safeguard of  a  court<br \/>\ntrial  is too drastic to permit a lenient  construction\t and<br \/>\ntherefore courts must be astute to ensure that the detaining<br \/>\nauthority  does\t not transgress the limitations\t subject  to<br \/>\nwhich alone the power can be exercised.\t <a href=\"\/doc\/372495\/\">In Motilal Jain  v.<br \/>\nState  of  Bihar  &amp;  OrS.<\/a>(2)  this  Court  observed  :\t&#8220;the<br \/>\nsubjective  satisfaction of the detaining authority must  be<br \/>\nproperly based on all the reasons on which it purports to be<br \/>\nbased.\t If some out of those reasons are found to  be\tnon-<br \/>\nexistent or irrelevant, the court cannot predicate what\t the<br \/>\nsubjective satisfaction of the authority would have been  on<br \/>\nthe exclusion of those reasons.\t To uphold the order on\t the<br \/>\nremaining  reasons  would  be to  substitute  the  objective<br \/>\nstandards  of the court for the subjective  satisfaction  of<br \/>\nthe authority.&#8221;\n<\/p>\n<p>The  order of detention expressly states that it was  passed<br \/>\nwith  a\t view to preventing the petitioner from acing  in  a<br \/>\nmanner\tprejudicial to the maintenance of public  order\t and<br \/>\nthe  maintenance of supplies and services essential  to\t the<br \/>\ncommunity.  The statement of grounds contains at the end the<br \/>\nassertion that the District Magistrate was satisfied that if<br \/>\nthe  petitioner\t was  allowed to remain\t at  large  he\twill<br \/>\nindulge in acti-\n<\/p>\n<p>(1)  [1966] 1 S.C.R. 709, 746.\n<\/p>\n<p>(2)  [1968] 3 S. C. R. 587, 593.\n<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"hidden_text\">198<\/span><\/p>\n<p>vities\tprejudicial to the maintenance of public  order\t and<br \/>\nsupplies and services essential to the community.  (emphasis<br \/>\nsupplied).  The two reasons, maintenance of public order and<br \/>\nmaintenance  of\t supplies  and services\t essential  to\tthe,<br \/>\ncommunity, cannot therefore be bifurcated and considered  in<br \/>\nseparate  compartments.\t The subjective satisfaction of\t the<br \/>\ndetaining authority embraces both the reasons and since\t two<br \/>\nout  of\t the three grounds mentioned in the first  part\t are<br \/>\nirrelevant, the entire order is illegal.<br \/>\nFor  these reason I s we set aside the order  of  detention.<br \/>\nWe  had earlier directed on the conclusion of the  arguments<br \/>\nthat the petitioner be set at liberty forthwith.\n<\/p>\n<pre>S.B.W.\t\t\t Petition allowed-\n<span class=\"hidden_text\">199<\/span>\n\n\n\n<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Supreme Court of India Kuso Sah vs The State Of Bihar &amp; Ors on 8 November, 1973 Equivalent citations: 1974 AIR 156, 1974 SCR (2) 195 Author: Y Chandrachud Bench: Chandrachud, Y.V. PETITIONER: KUSO SAH Vs. RESPONDENT: THE STATE OF BIHAR &amp; ORS. DATE OF JUDGMENT08\/11\/1973 BENCH: CHANDRACHUD, Y.V. BENCH: CHANDRACHUD, Y.V. DWIVEDI, S.N. GOSWAMI, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-93879","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kuso Sah vs The State Of Bihar &amp; Ors on 8 November, 1973 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court &amp; High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/kuso-sah-vs-the-state-of-bihar-ors-on-8-november-1973\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kuso Sah vs The State Of Bihar &amp; 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