{"id":95892,"date":"1966-10-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1966-10-02T18:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/state-of-assam-ors-vs-shri-kanak-chandra-dutta-on-3-october-1966"},"modified":"2015-10-05T02:46:04","modified_gmt":"2015-10-04T21:16:04","slug":"state-of-assam-ors-vs-shri-kanak-chandra-dutta-on-3-october-1966","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/state-of-assam-ors-vs-shri-kanak-chandra-dutta-on-3-october-1966","title":{"rendered":"State Of Assam & Ors vs Shri Kanak Chandra Dutta on 3 October, 1966"},"content":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India<\/div>\n
State Of Assam & Ors vs Shri Kanak Chandra Dutta on 3 October, 1966<\/div>\n
Equivalent citations: 1967 AIR 884, \t\t 1967 SCR (1) 679<\/div>\n
Author: R Bachawat<\/div>\n
Bench: Rao, K. Subba (Cj), Hidayatullah, M., Sikri, S.M., Bachawat, R.S., Dayal, Raghubar<\/div>\n
           PETITIONER:\nSTATE OF ASSAM & ORS.\n\n\tVs.\n\nRESPONDENT:\nSHRI KANAK CHANDRA DUTTA\n\nDATE OF JUDGMENT:\n03\/10\/1966\n\nBENCH:\nBACHAWAT, R.S.\nBENCH:\nBACHAWAT, R.S.\nDAYAL, RAGHUBAR\nRAO, K. SUBBA (CJ)\nHIDAYATULLAH, M.\nSIKRI, S.M.\n\nCITATION:\n 1967 AIR  884\t\t  1967 SCR  (1) 679\n CITATOR INFO :\n RF\t    1977 SC1677\t (3)\n D\t    1979 SC 979\t (12)\n R\t    1981 SC  53\t (14)\n C\t    1984 SC 161\t (27)\n\n\nACT:\nConstitution of India, 1950, Art. 311(2)-Civil post-Mauzadar\nin  Assam  Valley,  if\tholder of  civil  post\tentitled  to\nprotection of Article.\n\n\n\nHEADNOTE:\nThe respondent, who was a Mauzadar in the Assam Valley,\t was\ndismissed from office without complying with the  provisions\nof  Art. 311(2) of the Constitution.  His writ\tpetition  to\nthe  High  Court was allowed on the ground that\t he  held  a\ncivil post under the State of Assam and was entitled to\t the\nprotection of the Article.\nIn appeal by the State,\nHELD : In the light of the system of recruitment, employment\nand  functions, a Mauzadar is a servant and the holder of  a\ncivil post, under the State,, entitled to the protection  of\nthe Article.\nA civil post means a post not connected with the defence and\noutside\t the regular civil services.  It is an office  or  a\nposition  to which duties in connection with the affairs  of\nthe  State  are attached.  It is  under\t the  administrative\ncontrol\t of  the  State but need not  necessarily  carry  \"a\ndefinite  rate\tof  pay\"  and  may  involve  only  part-time\nemployment.   A person holding the post is a person  serving\nor   employed  under  the  State.   The\t existence  of\t the\nrelationship  of master and servant between the State and  a\nperson holding a post under it, is indicated by the  State's\nright  to  select and appoint the holder of  the  post,\t its\nright to suspend and dismiss him., its right to control\t the\nmanner\tand method of his doing the work and the payment  by\nit of his wages or remuneration.  Such a relationship may be\nestablished by -the presence of all or some of these indicia\nin  conjunction with other circumstances, and its  existence\nis a question of fact in each case. [682 G, H; 683 A. B, H]\nUnder the Mauzadari system of collecting revenue, prevailing\nin  the Assam Valley, the revenue charge of a Mauza and\t the\nresponsibility\tfor  the whole revenue of it, in  the  first\ninstance,  rest with the Mauzadar.  Originally he  may\thave\nbeen  a\t revenue farmer and an\tindependent  contractor\t but\nunder  the  existing  system, he  is  a\t subordinate  public\nservant\t working  under the supervision and control  of\t the\nDeputy Commissioner.  He is a Revenue Officer and ex-officio\nAssistant Settlement Officer exercising delegated powers  of\nGovernment,  and  the State has the power and the  right  to\nselect and appoint him and the power to suspend and  dismiss\nhim.   Though  he  may\tnot be\ta  whole-time  employee\t and\nreceives  by  way  of  remuneration  a\tcommission  on\t his\ncollections and sometimes a salary he holds an office on the\nrevenue\t side  of the administration to which  specific\t and\nonerous\t duties in connection with the affairs of the  State\nare attached. [683 E-G]\nObservations  in  Venkata Swamy v.  Superintendent  of\tPost\nOffices\t A.I.R. 1957 Orissa 112, that a\t part-time  employee\ncannot be the holder of a civil post disapproved.\n\n\n\nJUDGMENT:\n<\/pre>\n
CIVIL  APPELLATE  JURISDICTION\t: Civil Appeal\tNo.  254  of
\n1964 .\n<\/p>\n
6SupC.I.\/66-15
\n680<\/span>
\nAppeal\tby special leave from the judgment and\torder  dated
\nAugust\t13,  1963 of the Assam and Nagaland  High  Court  in
\nCivil Rule No. 387 of 1962.\n<\/p>\n
S.   V.\t Gupte,\t Solicitor-General and Naunit Lal,  for\t the
\nappellant.\n<\/p>\n
K.   R. Chaudhuri, for the respondent.\n<\/p>\n
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
\nBachawat, J. This appeal raises the question whether a\tMau-
\nzadar in the Assam Valley holds a civil post under the State
\nof  Assam, and is entitled to the protection of Art.  311(2)
\nof  the Constitution.  On March 4, 1939,  respondent,  Kanak
\nChandra\t Dutta, was appointed Mauzadar of Mancotta Monza  in
\nthe  Dibrugarh\tSub-division  of  Lakhimpur  District.\t His
\nfather\talso before his death was the Mauzadar\tof  Mancotta
\nMonza  for  about  52 years from 1885 to  1938.\t  Under\t the
\norders of the Deputy Commissioner, Lakhimpur, the respondent
\nwas suspended on August 22, 1949 and was dismissed from\t the
\noffice\tof the Mauzadar on July 4, 1962.  It is common\tcase
\nthat  this dismissal from office was made without  complying
\nwith the provisions of Art. 311(2) of the Constitution.\t  On
\na  writ\t petition filed by the respondent,  the\t Assam\tHigh
\nCourt  quashed the order of dismissal.\tThe High Court\theld
\nthat  the  respondent held a civil post under the  State  of
\nAssam, and was entitled to the protection of Art. 311(2)  of
\nthe  Constitution.   The  correctness  of  this\t finding  is
\nchallenged  by the State of Assam in this appeal by  special
\nleave.\n<\/p>\n
Under the Mauzadari system of collecting revenue  prevailing
\nin  the Assam Valley, the revenue charge of a Monza and\t the
\nresponsibility\tfor  the whole revenue of it  in  the  first
\ninstance rest with the Mauzadar.  The Mauzadar is spoken  of
\nas  a “revenue contractor”, see Baden-Powell’s Land  Systems
\nof  British India, Vol. 3, p. 459.  A brief  description  of
\nthe  Mauzadari\tsystem\tis given at pp. 56  and\t 57  of\t the
\nIntroduction to the Assam Land Revenue Manual, 6th Edn.\t The
\nexecutive  instructions appearing in paragraphs 115  to\t 159
\nand 167(a) at pp. 203 to 215 and 217 to 222 give the  method
\nof  selection, appointment and dismissal of a Mauzadar,\t the
\nduties and emoluments of the office and the registers to  be
\nkept  and maintained by him.  The Mauzadar is  generally  an
\ninfluential and well-to-do resident of his Monza. lie may be
\nappointed  and dismissed by the Deputy Commissioner  subject
\nto  the Commissioner’s approval and suspended by the  Deputy
\nCommissioner  on his own authority.  A Mauzadar’s  successor
\nis  ordinarily\tselected  from amongst the  members  of\t his
\nfamily.\t  If a suitable heir of the deceased Mauzadar  is  a
\nminor,\tthe post may be kept open for him for a\t period\t not
\nexceeding  three  years,  an agent being  appointed  in\t the
\nmeantime  to  carry on the duties of  the  Mauzadar.   Every
\nMauzadar before his appointment has to execute a written
\n681<\/span>
\nagreement  (kabuliyat) in the prescribed form.\tHe  is\talso
\nrequired  to  furnish security to the  satisfaction  of\t the
\nDeputy Commissioner.\n<\/p>\n
A  Mauzadar  is a public servant whose primary\tduty  is  to
\ncollect\t land  revenue and other Government  dues  with\t the
\ncollection of which he is entrusted.  He is responsible\t for
\nthe collection of poll-tax, house-tax, tauzi-bahir  revenue,
\ngrazing fees and forest dues.  He undertakes to pay into the
\ntreasury the full amount of all instalments of land  revenue
\nand local rates included in the Jamabandi and of  house-tax,
\npoll-tax  and grazing fees within one month of the  date  on
\nwhich they fall due for payment.  In regard to land revenue,
\nhis  duties  are  confined  to\tcollection  and\t he  is\t not
\nconcerned  with its assessment, the settlement of  land\t and
\nthe checking of maps or assessment papers.
\nHe  is\tcharged with the special duties of  supervising\t the
\nperformance of duties by Gaonburas, to receive\tapplications
\nfor  waste lands which he is authorised to entertain and  to
\nsubmit\tthem with a report to the proper revenue  authority,
\nto submit reports of cases sent to him by special order\t for
\nlocal  enquiry,\t to assist the district authorities  in\t the
\nassessment of income-tax, to report, when so directed,\tupon
\nthe  sufficiency of the security offered by the\t lessees  of
\nGovernment or Local Board ferries, fisheries etc., to submit
\nweekly\treports upon the condition of crops, the  prevalence
\nof epidemics amongst men or cattle, the loss of life  caused
\nby  wild  animals  and the appearance of  insect  pests,  to
\ncompile and submit to the Civil Surgeon a monthly return  of
\nvital statistics, to check the Gaonburas’ reports of  births
\nand  deaths by local inspection, to effect  field  mutations
\nand  field  partitions\tin  uncontested\t cases,\t to   assist
\nGovernment  in any work connected with the  village  organi-
\nsation system, to warn persons not to allow their cattle  to
\nstray  on  or  damage the roads,  to  report  offenders\t and
\nencroachments on roadside lands and to submit weekly returns
\nof collections.\t Generally, a Mauzadar is required to act as
\nthe  Deputy Commissioner’s assistant in\t all  administrative
\nmatters within his Mouza so far as he may be called upon  to
\ndo so.\n<\/p>\n
In order to deal properly with mutation and other work,\t the
\nMauzadar  has  free access to the settlement papers  in\t the
\nhands  of  mandals,  and it is the duty of  the\t mandals  to
\nattend\tupon him, when required, during such  investigations
\nas  are conducted by him.  The Mauzadar is required to\tkeep
\nand  maintain  a number of official  registers,\t and  minute
\ndetails\t of  keeping  the accounts  and\t the  registers\t are
\nprescribed.  The criminal prosecution of a Mauzadar requires
\nthe  Commissioner’s  sanction.\tIn  exceptional\t cases,\t the
\nDeputy Commissioner may impose upon him an executive fine of
\nan amount not exceeding Rs. 200\/-.\n<\/p>\n
682<\/span><\/p>\n
The Mauzadar is permitted to address his correspondence with
\nGovernment  offices “service bearing”, and is given a  small
\nannual\tallowance  for the provision of stationery.   I*  is
\nresponsible for the payment of process fee on all  processes
\nissued\tat  his instance.  His remuneration as\tMauzadar  is
\ngenerally  by a commission on the revenue, local  rates\t and
\ngrazing\t dues  collected by him, but he may also be  paid  a
\nfixed salary.\n<\/p>\n
The  Mauzadar may be invested with the power  of  attachment
\nand  sale  of  movables under s. 69 of the  Assam  Land\t and
\nRevenue\t  Regulation  1886  (Regulation\t No.  I\t of   1886).
\nMauzadars are appointed Revenue Officers under s. 124 of the
\nRegulation.   All Mauzadars in the Assam Valley and  in\t the
\ncase  of Mauzadars who are minors, their  Sarbarahkars\thave
\nbeen appointed ex-officio Assistant Settlement Officers\t and
\ninvested  with\tthe powers to effect registration  under  s.
\n53(A) in uncontested cases and to dispose of under Chap.  VI
\nof the Regulation all applications for partition of revenue-
\npaying\testates\t in which no objection\tis  preferred.\t See
\nfootnotes  to ss. 124, 133 and 137 of the Regulation at\t pp.
\n41, 44 and 45 of the Manual.\n<\/p>\n
 A  Mauzadar may own a tea garden and other landed  property
\nand  engage  in\t trade\tor  politics,  but  if\tany  of\t his
\nextraneous   occupations  interferes  seriously.  with\t his
\nprimary\t duties\t as a Mauzadar, the Deputy  Commissioner  is
\nrequired  to consider whether he should be retained  in\t his
\noffice.\n<\/p>\n
The  question  is whether a Mauzadar is a person  holding  a
\ncivil\tpost   under  the  State  within  Art.311   of\t the
\nConstitution.\tThere is no formal definition of “post”\t and
\n“civil\tpost”.\t The  sense in which they are  used  in\t the
\nServices  Chapter  of  Part  XIV  of  the  Constitution\t  is
\nindicated  by  their context and setting.  A civil  post  is
\ndistinguished  in  Art.\t 310  from  a  post  connected\twith
\ndefence; it is a post on the civil as distinguished from the
\ndefence side of the administration, an employment in a civil
\ncapacity  under the Union or a State.See marginal  notet  of
\nArt.311. In Art.311,a member of a civil service of the Union
\nor  an\tall-India service or a civil service of a  State  is
\nmentioned  separately,\tand a civil post means\ta  post\t not
\nconnected  with defence outside the regular civil  services.
\nA post is a service or employment.  A person holding a\tpost
\nunder  a  State is a person serving or\temployed  under\t the
\nState.\t See the marginal notes- to Arts. 309, 310 and\t311.
\nThe  heading  and the subheading of Part XIV and  Chapter  I
\nemphasise  the element of service.  There is a\trelationship
\nof master and servant between the State and a person holding
\na  post\t under it.  The existence of  this  relationship  is
\nindicated  by  the State’s right to select and\tappoint\t the
\nholder\tof the post, its right to suspend and  dismiss\thim,
\nits right to control the manner and method of his doing\t the
\nwork and the payment by it of his wages or remuneration.   A
\nrelationship of master and servant
\n683<\/span>
\nmay  be established by the presence of all or some of  these
\nindicia, in conjunction with other circumstances and it is a
\nquestion  of  fact  in each case whether  there\t is  such  a
\nrelation between the State and the alleged holder of a post.
\nIn the context of Arts. 309, 310 and 311, a post denotes  an
\noffice.\t A person who holds a civil post under a State holds
\n“office”  during the pleasure of the Governor of the  State,
\nexcept as expressly provided by the Constitution.  See\tArt.\n<\/p>\n
310.   A post under the State is an office or a position  to
\nwhich duties in connection with the affairs of the State are
\nattached,  an  office  or a position to which  a  person  is
\nappointed  and which may exist apart from and  independently
\nof the holder of the post.  Article 310(2) contemplates that
\na  post may be abolished-and a person holding a post may  be
\nrequired to vacate the post, and it emphasises the idea of a
\npost existing apart from the holder of the post.  A post may
\nbe created before the appointment or simultaneously with it.
\nA post is an employment, but every employment is not a post.
\nA casual labourer is not the holder of a post.\tA post under
\nthe State means a post under the . administrative control of
\nthe State.  The State may create or abolish the post and may
\nregulate  the conditions of service of persons appointed  to
\nthe post.\n<\/p>\n
Judged in this light, a Mauzadar in the Assam Valley is\t the
\nholder\tof a civil post under the State.  The State has\t the
\npower and the right to select and appoint a Mauzadar and the
\npower  to  suspend  and dismiss him.  He  is  a\t subordinate
\npublic servant working under the supervision and control  of
\nthe Deputy Commissioner.  He receives by way of remuneration
\na  commission  on his collections and  sometimes  a  salary.
\nThere  is a relationship of master and servant\tbetween\t the
\nState  and him.\t He holds an office on the revenue  side  of
\nthe  administration to which specific and onerous duties  in
\nconnection  with the affairs of the State are  attached,  an
\noffice\twhich  falls vacant on the death or removal  of\t the
\nincumbent and which is filled up by successive appointments.
\nHe  is a responsible officer exercising delegated powers  of
\nGovernment.   Mauzadars\t in the Assam Valley  are  appointed
\nRevenue\t  Officers  and\t ex-officio   Assistant\t  Settlement
\nOfficers.   Originally, a Mauzadar may have been  a  revenue
\nfarmer and an independent contractor.  But having regard  to
\nthe  existing  system  of his  recruitment,  employment\t and
\nfunctions,  he\tis a servant and a holder of  a\t civil\tpost
\nunder the State.\n<\/p>\n
Counsel\t for  the State stressed the fact  that\t normally  a
\nMauzadar  does\tnot draw a salary.  But a post\toutside\t the
\nregularly constituted services need not necessarily carry “a
\ndefinite  rate of pay.” The post of a Mauzadar carries\twith
\nit  a remuneration by way of a commission on collections  of
\nGovernment dues.  Counsel stressed the fact that a  Mauzadar
\nis not a whole-time employee.  But a post
\n684<\/span>
\noutside\t the regularly constituted services may be  a  part-
\ntime  employment.  The conditions of service of\t a  Mauzadar
\nenable him to engage in other activities.\n<\/p>\n
In  Venkata Swamy v. Superintendent of Post Offices(l),\t the
\nOrissa\tHigh Court held, on a consideration of the  relevant
\nconditions   of\t  employment,  that   a\t  temporary   extra-
\ndepartmental  branch post-master was not a person holding  a
\ncivil  post, but the observation in that case that  a  part-
\ntime  employee cannot be the holder of a civil post  outside
\nthe regularly constituted services is too wide and cannot be
\nsupported.   In\t Sher Singh v. State  of  Rajasthan(2),\t the
\nRajasthan  High Court held that a chaudhari appointed  under
\nthe  Land  Revenue  Act of Bikaner is not  entitled  to\t the
\nprotection  of\tArt. 311.  The report of the case  does\t not
\ndisclose the functions of the chaudhari and the\t regulations
\ngoverning  his\temployment.  In\t Bindu\tNath  v.  State\t  of
\nAssan(3),  the\tCourt  found that the  applicant  was  never
\nappointed to the post of a Mauzadar, and no question of\t the
\nprotection of Art. 311 could arise in the circumstances.
\nThe appeal is dismissed with costs.\n<\/p>\n
V.P.S.\n<\/p>\n
Appeal dismissed.\n<\/p>\n
(1)  A.I.R. 1957 Orissa, 112.\n<\/p>\n
(2)  I.L.R. [1956] 6 Rai. 335, 339-340.\n<\/p>\n
(3)  A.I.R. 1959 Assam.\t II S.\n<\/p>\n
685<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Supreme Court of India State Of Assam & Ors vs Shri Kanak Chandra Dutta on 3 October, 1966 Equivalent citations: 1967 AIR 884, 1967 SCR (1) 679 Author: R Bachawat Bench: Rao, K. Subba (Cj), Hidayatullah, M., Sikri, S.M., Bachawat, R.S., Dayal, Raghubar PETITIONER: STATE OF ASSAM & ORS. Vs. RESPONDENT: SHRI KANAK CHANDRA DUTTA […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-95892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-supreme-court-of-india"],"yoast_head":"\nState Of Assam & Ors vs Shri Kanak Chandra Dutta on 3 October, 1966 - Free Judgements of Supreme Court & High Court | Legal India<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legalindia.com\/judgments\/state-of-assam-ors-vs-shri-kanak-chandra-dutta-on-3-october-1966\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"State Of Assam & Ors vs Shri Kanak Chandra Dutta on 3 October, 1966 - 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