* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
RESERVED ON: 07.07.2011
PRONOUNCED ON: 21.11.2011
+ W.P. (C) 2845/1992
QUEEN MARY'S SCHOOL THRU ITS PRINCIPAL ..... Petitioner
Through: Ms. Mrinalini Gupta with Ms. Anisha Banerjee, Advocates.
versus
U.O.I. ..... Respondent
Through: Ms. Avnish Ahlawat with Ms. Latika Choudhary, Sh. Nitesh
Kumar Singh and Ms. Urvashi Malhotra, Advocates.
+ W.P. (C) 4291/1993
B.M. GANGE GIRLS SR. SEC. SCHOOL ..... Petitioner
Through: Ms. Mrinalini Gupta with Ms. Anisha Banerjee, Advocates.
versus
U.O.I. AND ORS. ..... Respondents
Through: Ms. Avnish Ahlawat with Ms. Latika Choudhary, Sh. Nitesh
Kumar Singh and Ms. Urvashi Malhotra, Advocates.
CORAM:
MR. JUSTICE S. RAVINDRA BHAT
MR. JUSTICE G.P. MITTAL
1. Whether the Reporters of local papers YES
may be allowed to see the judgment?
2. To be referred to Reporter or not? YES
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 1
3. Whether the judgment should be YES
reported in the Digest?
MR. JUSTICE S.RAVINDRA BHAT
%
1. The Petitioners in these two writ petitions (one in WP 2845/1992 and
four in WP 4291/1993), claim to be minority educational institutions,
established and administered by Christian denominations, which fall within
the expression "minority" in terms of Article 30 of the Constitution of India.
The Petitioner institutions have established schools, in the National Capital
Territory of Delhi. These schools are regulated by the Delhi School
Education Act, 1973 ("the Act"); and Rules framed under the Act (hereafter
"the Rules").
2. The Petitioners claim to be aggrieved by what they term as intrusions
into their power to administer, according to their choice, the educational
institutions that they have established. It is alleged that amendments to the
Rules, notified in 1990, have the effect of making impermissible inroads into
the autonomy guaranteed and guarded by Article 30(1) of the Constitution of
India. The offending provisions include the power of the authorities to frame
and promulgate Regulations which inter alia, permit the Director of
Education (charged with the duty of regulating school education in Delhi) to
require reservations for recruitment of teachers and employees in such
minority schools; the power to direct absorption of teachers rendered surplus
in aided schools as a result of the institution being shut down or sections of it
being closed; the power (of the Director) to name nominees to the Selection
committees for recruitment and appointment of teachers and various classes
of employees (to such schools). An attempt to challenge Sections 5, 6 and 28
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 2
of the Act, was made in the petitions, but was given up during the stage of
hearing.
3. It is argued that Rules 47, 64 (1) (e) to the extent they enable the
authorities under the Act, to require absorption of surplus teachers in other
schools, by minority educational institutions, is impermissible. Similarly, the
powers conferred by Rule 96 were challenged notwithstanding the
introduction of Rule (3A)- which mandates the participation of Director -
nominated members of the selection committees (in aided counsel) to be as
advisers, without any voting rights. It was submitted that the mere
participation of outsiders, without the consent or volition of those in
management of the minority institutions, falls foul of the right protected by
Article 30(1) of the Constitution of India. Counsel relied on the judgments of
the Supreme Court, reported as In re Kerala Education Bill 1958 SCR 995;
The Ahmedabad St. Xaviers College Society v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1974
S.C. 1389, particularly the following passage from the judgment of Ray, CJ:
"The right to administer is said to consist of four principal matters.
First is the right to choose its managing or governing body. It is said
that the founders of the minority institution have faith and confidence
in their own committee or body consisting of persons elected by them.
Second is the right to choose its teachers. It is said that minority
institutions want teachers to have compatibility with the ideals, aims
and aspirations of the institution. Third is the right not to be
compelled to refuse admission to students. In other words, the
minority institutions want to have the right to admit students of their
choice subject to reasonable regulations about academic
qualifications. Fourth is the right to use its properties and assets for
the benefit of its own institution."
Learned counsel also relied on the decision reported as T.M.A. Pai
Foundation v State of Karnataka 2002 (8) SCC 481, particularly the
following passages:
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 3
"122. The learned Judge then observed that the right of the
minorities to administer educational institutions did not prevent the
making of reasonable regulations in respect of these institutions.
Recognizing that the right to administer educational institutions
could not include the right to maladminister, it was held that
regulations could be lawfully imposed, for the receiving of grants
and recognition, while permitting the institution to retain its
character as a minority institution. The regulation "must satisfy a
dual test the test of reasonableness, and the test that it is regulative
of the educational character of the institution and is conducive to
making the institution an effective vehicle of education for the
minority community or other persons who resort to it". (SCC p.
783, para 92). It was permissible for the authorities to prescribe
regulations, which must be complied with, before a minority
institution could seek or retain affiliation and recognition. But it
was also stated that the regulations made by the authority should
not impinge upon the minority character of the institution.
Therefore, a balance has to be kept between the two objectives
"that of ensuring the standard of excellence of the institution, and
that of preserving the right of the minorities to establish and
administer their educational institutions. Regulations that
embraced and reconciled the two objectives could be considered to
be reasonable. This, in our view, is the correct approach to the
problem.
.......
141. The grant of aid is not a constitutional imperative. Article 337
only gives the right to assistance by way of grant to the Anglo-
Indian community for a specified period of time. If no aid is granted
to anyone, Article 30(1) would not justify a demand for aid, and it
cannot be said that the absence of aid makes the right under Article
30(1) illusory. The founding fathers have not incorporated the right
to grants in Article 30, whereas they have done so under Article
337; what, then, is the meaning, scope and effect of Article 30(2)?
Article 30(2) only means what it states viz. that a minority
institutions shall not be discriminated against where aid to
educational institutions is granted. In other words, the State cannot,
when it chooses to grant aid to educational institutions, deny aid to
a religious or linguistic minority institution only on the ground that
the management of that institution is with the minority. We would,
however, like to clarify that if an abject surrender of the right to
management is made a condition of aid, the denial of aid would be
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 4
violative of Article 30(2). However, conditions of aid that do not
involve a surrender of the substantial right of management would
not be inconsistent with constitutional guarantees, even if they
indirectly impinge upon some facet of administration. If, however,
aid were denied on the ground that the educational institution is
under the management of a minority, then such a denial would be
completely invalid.
142. The implication of Article 30(2) is also that it recognizes that
the minority nature of the institution should continue,
notwithstanding the grant of aid. In other words, when a grant is
given to all institutions for imparting secular education, a minority
institution is also entitled to receive it, subject to the fulfillment of
the requisite criteria, and the State gives the grant knowing that a
linguistic or minority educational institution will also receive the
same. Of course, the State cannot be compelled to grant aid, but the
receipt of it cannot be a reason for altering the nature or character
of the recipient educational institution.
143. This means that the right under Article 30(1) implies that any
grant that is given by the State to the minority institution cannot
have such conditions attached to it, which will in any way dilute or
abridge the rights of the minority institutions to establish and
administer that institution. The conditions that can normally be
permitted to be imposed, on the educational institutions receiving
the grant, must be related to the proper utilization of the grant and
fulfillment of the objectives of the grant. Any such secular
conditions so laid, such as a proper audit with regard to the
utilization of the funds and the manner in which the funds are to be
utilized, will be applicable and would not dilute the minority status
of the educational institutions. Such conditions would be valid if
they are also imposed on other educational institutions receiving
the grant.”
4. Petitioner’s counsel also argued that Rule 64 (1) (g) read with Rule 75
violated the right of minority educational institutions to freely administer
them. In this regard, it was submitted that the provisions arm the Directorate
with arbitrary and uncanalized power in regard to filling of such vacancies
as are determined by the authority. The provision could by no means be
saved as regulatory, because the authorities are not bound to keep the
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 5
minority character of the institutions, while determining or deciding the
number of vacancies which are to be filled. Similarly, the powers under Rule
98 to grant or withhold approval to appointments, has been challenged as
enabling the executive to make impossible incursions into what are
essentially “core” management rights. Reliance was lastly placed on the
judgment of the Supreme Court reported as Sindhi Education Society v.
Chief Secretary, Government of NCT of Delhi, (2010) 8 SCC 49.
5. Ms. Avnish Ahlawat, learned counsel for the respondents, argued that
whereas the decision in Sindhi Education settles that Rule 64 (1)(b) is
inapplicable to minority aided schools, the other provisions are essentially
regulatory. Arguing about applicability of Rules 47 and 64 (1) (e), it was
submitted that these were uniformly applicable to all aided institutions, and
meant to safeguard and protect teachers and other employees, facing
rendundancy. These provisions were not aimed at making inroads into the
management powers of the minority institutions, as much as they were
motivated by a benevolent objective, i.e., ensuring temporary absorption
through alternative employment. As the funding agency, bearing up to 95%
of the recurring maintenance grant permitted to every aided school, the
provision enabling adjustment of some teachers hit by closure of schools, or
parts of schools in minority aided schools, was in the larger public interest,
and it also promoted excellence of the institution. In any event the
overwhelming cost for such temporary alternative employment was borne by
the State, which is the funding agent, and no exception could be taken.
6. It was next argued that regulatory measures, which uphold the State’s
legitimate concerns, such as Rule 96 and Rule 98, fell within the class of
permissible rules, on a fair application of the principles enunciated in the
Ahmedabad St. Xavier‟s case (supra). Being applicable to all aided schools,
and introduced to promote transparency and uniformity in regard to selection
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 6
of teachers, the rules could not be said to violate Article 30 of the
Constitution. It was also argued that these rules were meant to promote the
utilization of grants, by the State.
7. This court first proposes to consider the challenge to Rule 47 and Rule
64 (1) (e). Rule 47 reads as follows:
“47. Absorption of surplus [employee] etc.
(1) Where as a result of –
(a) the closure of an aided school or any class or classes in any
aided school; or
(b) withdrawal of recognition from an aided school: or-
(c) withdrawal of aid from an aided school, Any student or
employee becomes surplus, such student or employee, as the
case may be, [may be absorbed] as far as practicable, in such
Government school or aided school as the Administrator may
specify:
Provided that the absorption in government service of any
employee who has become surplus shall be subject to the
availability of a vacancy and shall be subject further to the
condition that the concerned employee possesses the requisite
qualifications for the post and has not been retrenched by the
management of the aided school on any ground other than the
ground of closure of the school or any class or classes of the
school, or withdrawal of recognition or aid from the school:
Provided further that where any such surplus employee is absorbed
in a Government school, he shall be treated as junior to all the
persons of the same category employed in the Government schools
on the date immediately preceding the date on which he is so
absorbed, and where such surplus employee is absorbed in an
aided school, he shall rank as junior to all the persons of the same
category employed in that school on the date immediately
preceding the date on which he is so absorbed.
(2) Where any surplus [employee] is absorbed under sub-rule (1):-
(a) the salary and other allowances last drawn by him at the
school from which he has become surplus shall be protected;
(b) his provident fund account shall be transferred to the
school in which he is so absorbed, and thereupon such
provident fund shall be governed in accordance with the rulesWP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 7
and regulations in force in that school in relation to provident
fund; and
(c) the period of his qualifying service in the school in which
he had worked before such absorption and any previous period
of qualifying service, if any, in any recognised aided school in
Delhi shall be taken into account for the purpose of computing
his pension and other retirement benefits.
(3) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2),
where an employee becomes surplus by reason of the closure of any
class or section thereof or the discontinuance of the teaching of any
subject, such employee may be absorbed in the first instance, as far
as practicable, in such Government or aided school as the
Administrator may specify, and if the class or section which was
closed is reopened by the former school or if any new class or
section thereof is opened by such school or if the subject, the
teaching of which was discontinued, is re-introduced by such
school, or the strength of the staff of the former school is increased,
such employee be re-absorbed in the former school; but if such re-
absorption does not take place within a period of five years from
the date of absorption of such employee in the Government or aided
school, such employee shall be regularly absorbed in such
Government or aided school, as the case may be.
(4) Re-absorption of a employee in a former school shall not affect
his continuity of service or his seniority in relation to that school or
his emoluments, provident fund, gratuity and other retirement
benefits.
Explanation – For the purposes of sub rules (3) and (4), “former
school” means the school from which a employee had become
surplus.”
Rule 64 reads as follows:
“64. No aid to be given unless suitable undertakings are given by
the managing committeeNo school shall be granted aid unless its managing committee gives
an undertaking in writing that:
(a) it shall comply with the provisions of the Act and these rules;
(b) it shall fill in the posts in the school with the Scheduled Castes and
the Scheduled Tribes candidates in accordance with the instructions
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 8
issued by the Central Government from time to time and also maintain
the roster and other connected returns in this behalf;
(c) it shall deposit its five percent share towards pay and allowances,
medical facilitates, pension, gratuity, provident fund and other
prescribed benefits with the Administrator
every month;
(d) it shall disburse or cause to be disbursed the dues maintained in
clause (c), within the first week of every month to the employees of the
school;
(e) while filling up the posts in the school, it shall give first preference
to such of the employees of other aided schools as have become
surplus in pursuance of the provisions of rule 47;
(f) it shall comply with the directions given by the Director under
sub¬section (3) of Section 24 of the Act;
(g) it shall fill in such number of posts in the school as have been
approved by the Director, in accordance with the post fixation in
pursuance of rule 75, without any discrimination or delay as per the
Recruitment Rules prescribed for such posts;
(h) it shall ensure that the head of the school possesses the necessary
papers of an employee who is due to retire from service after attaining
the age of superannuation or otherwise, with a view to avoid any
delay in sanctioning the pension, gratuity, provident fund to such
employee of his/her family, as the case may be; and
(i) it shall attend to all the claims of the service matters of the
employees of its school as and when they become due, promptly
without any delay or discrimination, strictly in accordance with the
Recruitment Rules or the instructions issued by the Central
Government from time to time on the subject
(2) The breach of any constitution specified in sub-rule (1) shall
render such school liable to be removed from the grant-in-aid list.”
8. It is evident that the rule is categorical that “No school shall be
granted aid unless its managing committee gives an undertaking in writing
that:..” it would, pursuant to Clause (1) (e)
“while filling up the posts in the school, it shall give first preference
to such of the employees of other aided schools as have become
surplus in pursuance of the provisions of rule 47”
Right from the decision in Re Kerala Education Bill, the courts have held
that minority educational institutions cannot be asked to surrender or give
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 9
away their rights under Article 30, if they are recipients of aid, as condition
for grant of aid. This was put crisply, in Frank Anthony Public School
Employees Association v. UOI, AIR 1987 SC 311, (which is of specific
relevance to the Act, and considered the various the impact of its provisions)
in the following manner:
“If one thing is clear, it is that the fundamental rights guaranteed
by Article 30(1) cannot be surrendered, wholly or partly, and the
authorities cannot make the grant of aid conditional on the
surrender of a part of the Fundamental Rights.”
The 11 judge Constitution Bench reiterated this position, in T.M. A Pai
(supra), as follows:
“143. This means that the right under Article 30(1) implies that any
grant that is given by the State to the minority institution cannot
have such conditions attached to it, which will in any way dilute or
abridge the rights of the minority institutions to establish and
administer that institution. The conditions that can normally be
permitted to be imposed, on the educational institutions receiving
the grant, must be related to the proper utilization of the grant and
fulfillment of the objectives of the grant. Any such secular
conditions so laid, such as a proper audit with regard to the
utilization of the funds and the manner in which the funds are to be
utilized, will be applicable and would not dilute the minority status
of the educational institutions. Such conditions would be valid if
they are also imposed on other educational institutions receiving
the grant.”
9. The essential or core management right to appoint teachers and other
personnel of their choice, even while preserving the state’s regulatory power
to prescribe basic qualifications, for filling the post, was spelt out in the
nine-Judge Bench in The Ahmedabad St. Xavier‟s College Society case 1974
(1) SCC 717. The decision highlighted the importance of the role of the
Principal of a college, and other teachers. In support of majority view in that
decision K.K. Mathew, J. observed that:
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 10
“182. It is upon the principal and teachers of a college that the
tone and temper of an educational institution depend. On them
would depend its reputation, the maintenance of discipline and its
efficiency in teaching. The right to choose the principal and to
have the teaching conducted by teachers appointed by the
management after an overall assessment of their outlook and
philosophy is perhaps the most important facet of the right to
administer an educational institution.”
H.R. Khanna, J. adopted a still broader view that even selection of teachers
is of great importance in the right to manage a school. Learned Judge stated
that:
“The selection and appointment of teachers for an educational
institution is one of the essential ingredients of the right to manage an
educational institution and the minorities can plainly be not denied
such right of selection and appointment without infringing Article
30(1).”
The judgment in Sindhi Education Society v. Chief Secretary, Government of
NCT of Delhi, (2010) 8 SCC 49, again interpreting various provisions of the
Act, after exhaustively surveying the previous decisions on the interpretation
of Article 30, stated that:
“100. The power to regulate, undisputedly, is not unlimited. It has
more restriction than freedom particularly, in relation to the
management of linguistic minority institutions. The rules, which were
expected to be framed in terms of Section 28 of the DSE Act, were for the
purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Act. Even, otherwise, it is a
settled principle of law that rules must fall within the ambit and scope of
the principal legislation. Section 21 is sufficiently indicative of the inbuilt
restrictions that the framers of the law intended to impose upon the State
while exercising its power in relation to a linguistic minority school.
101. To appoint a teacher is part of the regular administration and
management of the school. Of course, what should be the qualification or
eligibility criteria for a teacher to be appointed can be defined and, in
fact, has been defined by the Government of NCT of Delhi and within
those specified parameters, the right of a linguistic minority institution to
appoint a teacher cannot be interfered with. The paramount feature of
the above laws was to bring efficiency and excellence in the field of
school education and, therefore, it is expected of the minority institutions
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 11
to select the best teacher to the faculty. To provide and enforce any
regulation, which will practically defeat this purpose would have to be
avoided. A linguistic minority is entitled to conserve its language and
culture by a constitutional mandate. Thus, it must select people who
satisfy the prescribed criteria, qualification and eligibility and at the
same time ensure better cultural and linguistic compatibility to the
minority institution.
102. At this stage, at the cost of repetition, we may again refer to the
judgment of this Court in T.M.A. Pai case8, where in para 123, the Court
specifically noticed that while it was permissible for the State and its
educational authorities to prescribe qualifications of a teacher, once the
teachers possessing the requisite qualifications were selected by the
minorities for their educational institutions, the State would have no right
to veto the selection of the teachers. Further, the Court specifically
noticed the view recorded by Khanna, J. in reference to Kerala
Education Bill, 1957 case7, and to Clauses 11 and 12 of the Bill in
particular, where the learned Judge had declared that, it is the law
declared by the Supreme Court in subsequently contested cases as
opposed to the Presidential Reference, which would have a binding effect
and said: (T.M.A. Pai case8, SCC p. 571, para 123)
“123. … „… The words “as at present advised” as well as the
preceding sentence indicate that the view expressed by this Court in
Kerala Education Bill, 19577, in this respect was hesitant and
tentative and not a final view in the matter.‟*”
What the Court had expressed in para 123 above, appears to have found
favour with the Bench dealing with T.M.A. Pai8. In any case, nothing to
the contrary was observed or held in the subsequent judgment by the
larger Bench.
Although the court’s observations were in the context of autonomy of a
linguistic minority educational institution, the same principles would apply
in the cases of institutions established and administered by religious
minorities, i.e the state’s effort to enforce regulations which would directly
or indirectly give a decisive role or say (or even a veto) in the appointment
of teachers, would violate the right guaranteed under Article 30 (1). This
court notices that a previous single judge decision, in St. Anthony’s Girls
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 12
Senior Sec. School v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi, ILR (2005) 2 Del 52 did make
observations about applicability of Rule 47, the judgment stopped short of
pronouncing on the invalidity or inapplicability of the rule.
10. Rule 47 and Rule 64 (1) (e), in this Court’s opinion, cannot be made
applicable to minority schools- aided or otherwise. The power to require
aided schools to absorb teachers and employees rendered surplus in other
institutions is laudable, as it furthers the twin social goals of ensuring that
trained and experienced manpower does not go waste, and also of assuring
employment to teachers and employees, who may be rendered helpless in
such circumstances. The state’s objective in protecting the laissez faire
consequences from such vulnerable – and at the same time valuable –
sections of the society cannot be over emphasized. Yet, that social purpose
cannot obscure, equally that when those personnel are deployed by the
administration on an unwilling (if not protesting) minority institution, it
becomes an imposition, robbing the school or institution its choice to pick its
personnel, guaranteed by the Constitution. Therefore it is held that Rules 47
and 64 (1) (e) are inapplicable, to the extent that an unwilling school cannot
be directed to accept such teachers or employees.
11. The Petitioners had also challenged Rule 64 (1) (b); the provision
required aided schools, (including minority aided schools) to
“fill in the posts in the school with the Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes candidates in accordance with the instructions
issued by the Central Government from time to time and also maintain
the roster and other connected returns in this behalf…”
The challenge to this rule was considered in Sindhi Education Society, where
the Supreme Court held that it was inapplicable in view of its previous
judgments. Therefore, the rule is inapplicable to minority aided schools.
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 13
12. It would be necessary to next consider the challenge to Rule 64 (1)
(g). It inter alia, obliges every aided school, to give an undertaking to the
effect that:
“(g) it shall fill in such number of posts in the school as have been
approved by the Director, in accordance with the post fixation in
pursuance of rule 75, without any discrimination or delay as per the
Recruitment Rules prescribed for such posts…”
Rule 75 enables the concerned authorities to fix staff and teacher strength. It
states:
“XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX
Approved expenditure.- The approved expenditure for recurring
maintenance grant shall comprise salaries of the staff appointed with
the approval of the Director to the extent of the number of posts which
have been sanctioned and approved by the Director for the purpose of
aid in accordance with the post-fixation rules made by the Director
from time to time.
XXXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXX
Now, the power to fix staff strength, on the basis of student intake and
availability, is a part of the State’s regulatory power. This power is essential
to ensure basic standards for imparting education. It is akin to fixing the
minimum space requirements for every class room, the standards of hygiene
which are to be maintained, the kind of playgrounds and their area, which
schools should provide to their pupils, and so on. This conclusion is fortified
by the decision reported as Kolawana Gram Vikas Kendra v. State of
Gujarat, (2010) 1 SCC 133, where it was held that:
“However, the requirement of this prior approval is necessitated
because it is for the Government to see as to whether there were
actually posts available in the said institution as per the strength of
students and secondly; whether the candidates, who were sought to be
appointed, were having the requisite qualifications in terms of the
rules and regulations of the Education Department.”
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 14
However, the further condition in the rule is that posts shall be filled
“without discrimination” as per Recruitment Rules. Now, this latter
injunction cannot be binding upon minority schools, regardless of whether
they are aided or not, because their autonomy in appointing teachers of their
choice, cannot be interfered with. Similarly, the Recruitment Rules which
can apply are those which prescribe minimum qualifications, and pertain to
educational standards.
13. Rules 96, and 98 to the extent they are relevant, read as follows:
“96. Recruitment
(1) Nothing contained in this Chapter shall apply to an unaided
minority school.
(2) Recruitment of employees in each recognised private school shall
be made on the
recommendation of the Selection Committee.
(3) The Selection Committee shall consist of:–
(a) in the case of recruitment of the head of the school,:-
(i) the Chairman of the managing committee;
(ii) in the case of an unaided school, an educationist is nominated by
the managing
committee, and an educationist nominated by the Director;
(iii) in the case of an aided school, two educationists nominated by the
Director, out
of whom at least one shall be a person having experience of school
education;
(iv) a person having experience of the administration of schools, to be
nominated, in
the case of an unaided school by the managing committee, or in the
case of an
aided school, by the Director;
(b) in the case of an appointment of a teacher (other than the head of
the school),:–
(i) the Chairman of the managing committee or a member of the
managing
committee nominated by the Chairman;
(ii) the head of the school;
(iii) in the case of a primary school, a female educationist having
experience of school education;
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 15
(iv) in the case of an aided school, one educationist to be nominated
by the Director, and one representative of the Director;
(v) in the case of appointment of a teacher for any class in the middle
stage or any class in the higher secondary stage, an expert on the
subject in relation to which the teacher is proposed to be appointed,
to be nominated, in the case of an unaided school by the managing
committee, or in the case of an aided school, by the Director.
(c) in the case of an appointment of any other employee, not being an
employee belonging
to 1[“Group D”].
(i) the Chairman of the managing committee or a member of the
managing committee, to be nominated by the Chairman;
(ii) head of the school;
(iii) a nominee of the Director;
(iv) in the case of an aided school, two officers having experience of
the administration of school, to be nominated by the Director;
2[(d) in the case of an appointment of a Group ‘D’ employee:–
(i) the Chairman of the Managing Committee or a member of the
Managing Committee
nominated by the Chairman;
(ii) the head of the school;]
3[(3-A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (3), in the
case of an aided minority school, the educationists nominated under
paragraph (iii) of clause (a) of sub-rule (3), persons nominated by the
Director under paragraph (iv) of clause (a) of sub-rule (3),
educationists nominated under paragraph (iv) of clause (b) of sub-
rule (3), an expert nominated under paragraph (v) of clause (b) of
sub-rule (3), a person nominated under paragraph (iii) of clause (c) of
sub-rule (3), officers nominated under paragraph (iv) of clause (c) of
sub-rule (3), a person nominated under paragraph (iii) of clause (b)
of sub-rule (3), shall act only as advisers and will not have the power
to vote or actually control the selection of an employee.
(3-B) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (3), the
selection committee of a minority school shall not be limited by the
number specified in the said sub-rule and its managing committee
may fix such number.]
(4) Nomination of any educationist or expert as a member of the
Selection Committee shall be made out of a panel prepared for the
purpose by the Advisory Board.
(5) The Chairman of the managing committee, or, where he is not a
member of the Selection Committee, the member of the managing
committee who is nominated by the Chairman to be a member of the
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 16
Selection Committee, shall be the Chairman to the Selection
Committee.
***************************
98. Appointing authority
(i) The appointment of every employee of a school shall be made by its
managing committee.
1[(2) Every appointment made by the managing committee of an
aided school shall, initially, be provisional and shall require the
approval of the Director:
Provided that the approval of the Director will be required only
where Director’s nominee was not present in the Selection
Committee/DPC or in case there is difference of opinion among the
members of the Selection Committee:–
Provided further that the provision of this sub-rule shall not apply to a
minority aided school]”
14. In the year 1975, immediately after the decision in The Ahmedabad St.
Xavier (supra) a Division Bench of this court, had occasion to consider the
(pre-amended) Rule 96. The relevant portion of the discussion, in the
judgment S.S. Jain Sabha (of Rawalpindi) Delhi v. Union of India, ILR
(1976) 2 Del 61 is as follows:
“27. This is also a part of the right of administration. Under rule 96
(3) the number of the members of Selection Committee is limited. Any
such limitation may be placed only by the management.
Rule 96 (3) (a) (iii). — The presence of two educationists nominated by
the Director will be of great help to the Selection Committee. But we hold
that in regard to minority schools they will act only as advisers and will
not have the power to vote or actually control the selection of employees.
The minority schools are not bound to give preference to persons
recommended by the Employment Exchange.
Rule 96 (3) (a) (iv). — The nominee of the Director will also act only as
an adviser. The advisory capacity of the members nominated by the
Director under clauses (iii) and (iv) of rule 96 (3) (a) in regard to
minority schools may be made clear by appropriate amendment.
The same kind of amendment is called for in rule 96 (3) (b) (iv) and (v).
Clause (iii) of rule 96 (3) (b) will not apply to a minority school.
Similarly, the nominees of the Director in clauses (iii) and (iv) in rule 96
(3) (c) will also act only as advisers.”
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 17
It was therefore, recognized long ago that Rule 96 in its un-amended form
impinged on the rights of minority aided schools, to recruit teachers; the
Court, in the state of law, then existing, held that if nominees of the Director
were permitted, they could only function in an advisory capacity. At the
time, when the Court delivered its judgment, it was felt that participation,
without voting rights, in the decision making process, was not intrusive.
However, the argument of the Petitioners is that the choice of recruitment is
an unfettered right, and subjected only to regulatory conditions such as
fulfilling minimum educational and experience standards. The imposition of
anyone in the recruitment process, in whatever capacity, is invasive. In this
context, it would be useful to notice a recent judgment of the Supreme Court
in Brahmo Samaj Education Society v. State of W.B., (2004) 6 SCC 224,
where it was held that:
“control cannot extend to the day-to-day administration of the
institution. It is categorically stated in T.M.A. Pai1 (SCC at p. 551,
para 72) that the State can regulate the method of selection and
appointment of teachers after prescribing requisite qualification for
the same. Independence for the selection of teachers among the
qualified candidates is fundamental to the maintenance of the
academic and administrative autonomy of an aided institution. The
State can very well provide the basic qualification for teachers. Under
the University Grants Commission Act, 1956, the University Grants
Commission (UGC) had laid down qualifications to a teaching post in
a university by passing Regulations. As per these Regulations UGC
conducts National Eligibility Test (NET) for determining teaching
eligibility of candidates. UGC has also authorised accredited States to
conduct State-Level Eligibility Test (SLET). Only a person who has
qualified NET or SLET will be eligible for appointment as a teacher in
an aided institution. This is the required basic qualification for a
teacher. The petitioners’ right to administer includes the right to
appoint teachers of their choice among the NET-/SLET- qualified
candidates.8. Argument on behalf of the State that the appointment through
the College Service Commission is to maintain the equal standard of
education all throughout the State of West Bengal, does not impress
WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 18
us. The equal standard of teachers are already maintained by
NET/SLET. Similarly, receiving aid from State coffers can also not be
treated as a justification for imposition of any restrictions that cannot
be imposed otherwise”The state’s argument that the rule mandating the inclusion of nominees
whose participation is minimal, and whose views are not binding, is a
harmless rule, seems attractive. Yet, this court cannot lose sight of the fact
that the basic right to recruit personnel of its choice, is that of the minority
aided school management. If, as in the case of Rule 47 and Rule 64 (1) (a)
and (e), the management cannot be dictated upon about the actual candidate,
to be recruited by it, there is no rationale why it should be made to suffer the
participation of an outsider, whose presence is not wanted, in the first place,
no matter whether that individual’s views are not binding. This view is
fortified by Rule 98, (which deals with approval of appointment); it does not
apply to aided schools, as is evident from Rule 98 (2) proviso (2). Therefore,
this Court sees no logic in the minority aided school being compelled to
allow participation of nominee members in the selection committee, even if
their views or votes are not binding. For these reasons, it is held that
minority aided schools are not bound to adopt the composition of the
recruitment committees indicated in Rule 96; they are to adhere to the rules
applicable to unaided minority schools, i.e., Rules 127-128.15. The right guaranteed under Article 30 (1) is not subject to any
entrenched “reasonable restriction” provision- an aspect which has been
repeatedly highlighted in various judgments. The character of permissible
state action is therefore, necessarily different from those in relation to other
fundamental rights, particularly as in Article 19. The Constitution makers in
their wisdom, felt that this provision guaranteed minorities – both linguistic,
and religious, the right to propagate their culture, and also ensure that theWP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 19
children of their communities could be assured some modicum of education,
so that they could advance with the times. The provision is to be seen as a
protective cover to preserve the multicultural fabric of the Indian identity,
against possible onslaught resulting from political vicissitudes through
hostile legislative majorities.16. In view of the above discussion, we hold and declare that Rules 47, 64
(1) (b), (e) and 96 of the Delhi School Education Rules, are inapplicable to
aided minority schools. Rule 64 (1) (g) is held inapplicable to the extent that
it mandates such schools to fill the posts “without any discrimination or
delay as per the Recruitment Rules prescribed for such posts”; it is clarified
that the managements of such aided minority schools shall adhere to the
Recruitment Rules, and other general norms, to the extent they prescribe
qualifications, experience, age, and other such criteria, for appointment (as
they are regulatory).17. The writ petitions are allowed to the above extent. There shall
however, be no order as to costs.S. RAVINDRA BHAT
(JUDGE)G.P. MITTAL
(JUDGE)
NOVEMBER 21, 2011WP(C) Nos. 2845/1992 & 4291/1993 Page 20
