PETITIONER:
REVENUE OFFICER & ORS.
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
PRAFULLA KUMAR PATI & ORS.
DATE OF JUDGMENT17/01/1990
BENCH:
RAY, B.C. (J)
BENCH:
RAY, B.C. (J)
REDDY, K. JAYACHANDRA (J)
CITATION:
1990 AIR 727 1990 SCR (1) 88
1990 SCC (2) 162 JT 1990 (1) 155
1990 SCALE (1)124
ACT:
Orissa Land Reforms Act, 1960: Sections 22 and
23--Land--Sale by a Scheduled Caste in favour of non-Sched-
uled Caste--Requisite permission from Revenue Officer not
obtained--Validity of.
Constitution of India, 1950: Article 341---The Consti-
tution Scheduled Castes order, 1950--Schedule---Part
XIII--Item No. 26-'Rajaka' Caste--Whether 'Scheduled Caste'
Caste not specified in the List--Effect of--Duty of Court to
enquire.
Words and Phrases: 'Rajaka '--Meaning of.
HEADNOTE:
Respondent No. 2, a scheduled caste, filed a case for
restoration of lands sold to respondent Nos. 1, 3 and 4, non
scheduled castes, on the ground that the sale was in viola-
tion of section 22 of the Orissa Land Reforms Act, 1960 as
the requisite permission of the Revenue Officer was not
obtained. In the sale deed the transferor--Respondent was
described as 'Rajaka' while in the caste certificate he was
mentioned as ' Dhoba'. The Revenue Officer rejected the
ease.
Respondent No. 2 filed an appeal which was allowed by
the Additional District Magistrate. Against the order of
Additional District Magistrate a revision was preferred by
respondent No. 1 which was dismissed by the Special Officer,
Land Reforms by holding that merely because the word 'Raja-
ka' does not find mention in the Scheduled Caste Order, 1950
does not exclude it from the purview of such an order.
In the connected appeal respondent No. 5 filed a case
for restoration of land sold to respondent No. 1 which was
allowed by the Revenue Officer. The appeal filed by respond-
ent No. 1 was dismissed by the Additional District Magis-
trate. A Revision preferred by Respondent No. 1 was also
dismissed by the Special Officer Land Reforms.
Respondent No. 1 filed writ petitions in the High Court
which quashed the orders made by the Special Officer, hold-
ing that the Revenue Authorities committed a serious error
of law in holding that
89
'Rajaka' caste was included within the notified caste/commu-
nity of Dhoba'.
In these appeals it was contended on behalf of transfer-
ee-respondents that the Caste 'Rajaka' mentioned in the sale
deeds cannot be taken to be synonym of caste 'Dhoba' men-
tioned in Item 26 of the List in Scheduled Castes Order,
1950.
Allowing the appeals, this Court,
HELD: 1. Though the respondent Nos. 2 and 5 i.e. the
transferors mentioned in the deeds of transfer their caste
as 'Rajaka' there is no such caste mentioned in the Consti-
tution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950. In such circum-
stances, it is necessary and also incumbent on the Court to
consider as to what caste they belong to. [96B]
B. Basavalingappa v. D. Munichinnappa, [1965] 1 S.C.R.
316, followed.
2. 'Rajaka' is the literal synonym for the word
'Dhoba'-and according to the Purna Chandra Oriya Bhasakosh a
which is a recognised authority, the definition of 'Dhoba'
is Rajaka-washerman. Therefore the submission that the caste
'Rajaka' is different from caste 'Dhoba' is not at all
sustainable. [96A]
3. In the record of rights as well as the various cer-
tificates issued by the revenue authorities and the local
M.L.As the transferors have been described as belonging to
'Dhoba' community. The irresistible conclusion that follows
is that the respondent--transferors belong to 'Dhoba' caste
which is one of the Scheduled Caste in the State of Orissa.
[96H, 97A]
3.1 Therefore the transfers made by respondent Nos. 2
and 5 in favour of respondent No. 1, who admittedly belongs
to Brahmin caste, are hit by the provisions of Section 22 of
the Orissa Land Reforms Act, 1960 in as much as the previous
permission in writing of the Revenue Officer had not been
obtained to the alleged transfers. [95C]
[The transferee--respondents directed to restore the
lands in question to the possession of the
transferor--respondents forthwith.] [97C]
JUDGMENT:
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 1052-53
of 1990.
90
From the Judgment and Order dated 4,7.1986 of the Orissa
High Court in OJC. Nos. 1007 and 1008 of 1983.
A.K. Panda for the Appellants.
Kundan Lal Jagga and K.K. Gupta for the Respondents.
The following Order of the Court was delivered:
ORDER
Special leave granted. Agruments heard.
These two appeals on special leave arise out of the
common judgment of the High Court of Orissa made in O.J.C.
Nos. 1007 and 1008 of 1983 decided on July 4, 1986 whereby
the High Court set aside and quashed the impugned orders
made by the Special Officer, Land Reforms, Central Division,
Cuttack in O.L.R. Revision No. 131 of 1982 as well as O.L.R.
No. 142 of 1982.
The matrix of the case in O.J.C. No. 1007 of 1983 is
that on July 30, 1977, the respondent No. 2, Paramanand
Sethi filed case No. 85 of 1977 under section 22 of the
Orissa Land Reforms Act, against S/Shri B. Mohapatra, Pra-
fulla Kumar Pati and Gadadhar Pati (Respondent Nos. 1, 3 and
4) for restoration of lands sold to respondent Nos. 1, 3 and
4 on the ground that respondent No. 2 was a member of the
Scheduled Caste (Dhoba Community) and the sales in question
were hit by the provisions contained in section 22 of the
Orissa Land Reforms Act, 1960. The respondent No. 2 filed a
caste certificate of the Additional Tehasildar, Betanoti
wherein the respondent No. 2 was shown as belonging to
‘Dhoba’ by caste which is recognised as a Scheduled Caste.
He also filed the record of rights in the name of Arjun
Sethi, father of respondent No. 2 which showed the caste of
Arjun Sethi as ‘Dhoba’.
The respondent No. 5, Smt. Nilamani Sethi, wife of Late
Bhanu Sethi also filed O.L.R. Misc. Case No. 21 of 1979
under Section 22 of the Orissa Land Reforms Act stating
inter alia that the sale made by her in favour of respondent
No. 1 who admittedly belonged to Brahmin Caste is void as
the said sale was made without the permission of the Revenue
Officer as mandatorily required under the provisions of the
aid Act. She produced the Caste certificate issued by tile
Tehasildar, Betanoti which showed that she belonged to
‘Dhoba’ caste
91
which is recognised as a scheduled caste. She further filed
two caste certificates issued by the two M.L.As. which
certified that she belonged to a scheduled caste, (Dhoba).
The Revenue Officer, vide his order dated March 19, 1979
rejected the case No. 85 of 1977 filed by the respondent No.
Paramanand Sethi. The respondent No. 2 filed O.L.R. Appeal
No. of 1979 in the court of Additional District Magistrate,
Mayutbhanj and the same was allowed vide judgment and order
dated December 1980. The Additional District Magistrate
while allowing the appeal observed as follows:
“It is a known fact that there is no community called ‘Raj-
aka’ community which is different from Dhoba community.
Rajaka is only a literary word for the common term Dhoba.
While mentioning his caste as ‘Rajaka’ the appellant has not
ceased to be a ‘Dhoba’. The certificate given by the Addl.
Tehasildar, Betanoti and the entry in the R.O.R. confirm the
assertion of the petitioner that he is a Dhoba by caste. In
the circumstances, the petitioner must be held to be a S.C,
person and for that matter, his brothers and mother are also
the members of a S,C, According to Section 22 of the Orissa
Land Reforms Act previous permission from the Revenue Offi-
cer should have been obtained by them before transferring
their lands to the respondents. Since this statutory re-
quirement has not been met, the transfers are illegal. The
suit land must, therefore, be restored to the transferors.”
Against the said judgment and order, the respondent No.
1 filed O.L.R. Revision No. 131 of 1982 before the Special
Officer, Land Reforms, Central Division, Cuttack, The said
Revision Case was dismissed vide judgment and order dated
March 4, 1983 on the finding that there were records of
competent authorities like Addl. Tehasildar, Betanoti and
the record of rights showing that the caste of Paramanand
Sethi is ‘Dhoba’. it has been further observed that:
“As per the Oriya Bhasakosha the definition of ‘Dhoba’ is
‘Rajaka–Washerman’. Hence, there is no conflict regarding
what is the meaning of ‘Rajaka’. It is merely a synonym of
the word ‘Dhoba’. The Sanskrit lot ‘Dhoba’ is ‘Rajaka’. Just
because the word ‘Rajaka’ does not find mention in the
Presidential Order does not exclude it from the purview
92
of such an order. ‘Dhobas’ are Scheduled Castes and ‘Rajaka’
is a synonym of ‘Dhoba’. Now, that the High Court has so
eloquently laid down the law in this regard, there is no
reason to deny protection to the weaker sections on a mere
technicality. ‘This denial would be contrary to the spirit
of the Orissa Land Reforms Act, itself.”
O.L.R. Misc. Case No. 21 of 1979 filed by the respondent
No. 5, Smt. Nilamani Sethi was allowed vide order dated
March 10, 1980 by the Revenue Officer directing the restora-
tion of the suit lands to respondent No. 5 under Section 23
of the Orissa Land Reforms Act. The respondent No. 1 filed
O.L.R. Appeal No. 42 of 1980 in the Court of Additional
District Magistrate, Mayurbhanj. ‘The said appeal was dis-
missed vide judgment and order dated February 21, 1981
holding that the transferor had amply proved that she was
Dhoba which is a Scheduled Caste by producing documentary
evidence. She, therefore, does not cease to be a Dhoba even
if she has described herself in the various deeds as Rajaka.
Since the transfer of the suit lands had been made to the
respondent No. 1, Prafulla Kumar Pati who is a brahmin by
caste without obtaining prior written permission of the
Revenue Officer as required under Section 22 of the Orissa
Land Reforms Act, the transactions had been rightly declared
as void by the Revenue Officer. ‘The suit lands must there-
fore, be restored to the possession of the respondent No. 5.
Against this order, respondent No. 1 filed O.L.R. Revi-
sion No. 142 of 1982 before the Special Officer, Land Re-
forms, Central Division, Cuttack and the same was dismissed
vide judgment and order dated February 2, 1983.
The respondent No. 1 thereafter filed two writ petitions
called O.J.C. Nos. 1007 and 1008 of 1983 against the judg-
ments and orders dated March 4, 1983 and February 2, 1983
respectively passed by the Special Officer, Land Reforms,
Central Division, Cuttack. Both these writ petitions were
heard and disposed of by a common judgment impugned in these
two appeals on special leave whereby the High Court, Orissa
set aside and quashed the judgments and orders passed by the
Special Officer, I.and Reforms, Central Division, Cuttack
and allowed the writ petitions observing inter alia that:
“Considering the cases in hand in the light of the above
discussions, I have no hesitation to come to the conclusion
that the Revenue Authorities have committed a serious
93
error of law in coming to the conclusion that ‘Rajaka’ caste
was included within the notified caste/community of ‘Dhoba’
as their nature of work was similar. Although it is unneces-
sary to make any further discussion, I must point out that
even on a reference to the Bhashakosha it could not be
categorically said that ‘Rajaka’ was a caste which could not
be said to be a class of washerman as the Bhashakosha itself
gives other meanings of this word.”
Against this judgment and order, the instant appeals on
special leave have been filed. Before proceeding to decide
the question whether the respondent Nos. 2 and 5, the trans-
ferors belonged to the scheduled caste–Dhoba Community as
mentioned in item No. 26 of the List of Scheduled Castes in
the Scheduled Caste Order, 1950 in the State of Orissa, it
is relevant to refer to the provisions of Section 22 and
Section 23 of the Orissa Land ,Reforms Act, 1960 (Orissa Act
16 of 1960):
Section 22: Restriction on alienation of land by Scheduled
‘Tribes. (1) Any transfer of a holding or part thereof by a
raiyat, belonging to a Scheduled Tribe shall be void except
where it is in favour of–
(a) a person belonging to a Scheduled Tribe; or
(b) a person not belonging to a Scheduled ‘Tribe when such
transfer is made with the previous permission in writing of
the Revenue Officer:
Provided that in case of a transfer by sale the Revenue
Officer shall not grant such permission unless he is satis-
fied that a purchaser belonging to a Scheduled Tribe willing
to pay the market price for the land is not available, and
in case of a gift unless he is satisfied about the bona
fides thereof.
(2) The State Government may having regard to the law and
custom applicable to any area prior to the date of commence-
ment of this Act by notification direct that the restric-
tions provided in sub-S. (1) shall not apply to lands situ-
ated in such area or belonging to any particular tribe
throughout the State or in any part of it.
94
(3) Except with the written permission of the Revenue Offi-
cer, no such holding shall be sold in execution of a decree
to any person not belonging to a Scheduled Tribe.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for
the time being in force where any document required to be
registered under the provisions of Cl. (a) to Cl. (e) of
sub-S. (1) of S. 17 of the Registration Act, 1908 (16 of
1908) purports to effect transfer of a holding or part
thereof by a raiyat belonging to a Scheduled Tribe in favour
of a person not belonging to a Scheduled Tribe, no register-
ing officer appointed under that Act shall register any such
document, unless such document is accompanied by the written
permission of the Revenue Officer for such transfer.
(5) The provisions contained in sub-Ss. 1 to 4 shall apply,
mutatis mutandis, to the transfer of a holding or part
thereof of a raiyat belonging to the Scheduled Castes.
(6) Nothing in this section shall apply
(a) to any sale in execution of a money decree passed, or to
any transfer by way of mortgage executed, in favour of any
scheduled bank or in favour of any bank to which the Orissa
Co-operative Societies Act, 1962 (Orissa Act 33 of 1962)
applies; and
(b) to any transfer by a member of a Scheduled Tribe within
a Scheduled Area.
Section 23: Effect of transfer in contravention of S. 22.
(1)
In the case of any transfer in contravention of the provi-
sions of sub-S. (1) of S. 22 the Revenue Officer on his own
information or on the application of any person interest in
the land may issue notice in the prescribed manner calling
upon the transferor and transferee to show cause why the
transfer should not be declared invalid.
Section 22 clearly enjoins that a person belonging to
Scheduled Tribe can not make a valid transfer of his lands
in favour of a person not belonging to the Scheduled Tribe
without obtaining the-previous
95
permission in writing of the Revenue Officer to such trans-
fer. Subsection 5 of the said section further provides that
the provisions contained in sub-section 1 to 4 shall apply,
mutatis mutandis to the transfer of a holding or part there-
of a raiyat belonging to the Scheduled Castes. Section 23-B
of the said Act further provides that if the validity of the
transfer of any holding or part thereof is in question, the
burden of proof that the transfer was valid shall, notwith-
standing anything contained in any other law for the time
being in force, lie on the transferee.
In this case, the transfers made by the respondent Nos.
2 and 5 in favour of respondent No. 1, Prafulla Kumar Pati
who admittedly belongs to Brahmin caste are hit by the
provisions of Section 22 of the said Act in as much as the
previous permission in writing of the Revenue Officer had
not been obtained to the alleged transfers. It has been
submitted on behalf of the respondent Nos. 2 and 5 that they
belong to Dhoba (Dhobi) community which is one of the Sched-
uled Caste in the State of Orissa under the Scheduled Caste
Order, 1950. It has been further contended that the father
of the respondent No. 2 has been recorded as belonging to
Dhoba community in the finally published record of rights
which has been annexed as Annexure ‘B’ to these appeals. It
has also been submitted on behalf of the respondent Nos. 2
and 5 that the caste certificates granted by the Tehsildar,
Betanoti as well as by the two local M.L.As. clearly estab-
lished that the respondent Nos. 2 and 5 belong to Dhoba
community and as such they are Scheduled Castes. Much argu-
ment has been advanced on the mentioning of the caste of
these two respondents as ‘Rajaka’ in the alleged deeds on
the ground that the caste ‘Rajaka’ as mentioned in the sale
deeds did not find place in the List and instead the Caste
‘Dhoba’ appears in Item 26 of the List of Scheduled Castes
in the State of Orissa under the Constitution of Scheduled
Caste Order, 1950 as made under Article 341 of the Constitu-
tion of India. It has been urged in this connection that the
Caste ‘Rajaka’ as mentioned in the deeds can not be taken to
be synonym of caste ‘Dhoba’ and no evidence can be adduced
to that effect to prove that ‘Rajaka’ included within the
notified caste, commentary of ‘Dhoba’ as held by the High
Court.
We are unable to accept this contention advanced on
behalf of the respondent Nos. 1, 3 and 4 on the ground that
the caste of the respondent No. 2 and 5 was mentioned in the
caste certificates granted by the Tehsildar, Betanoti as
‘Dhoba’. Moreover, in the finally published record of rights
the caste of the father of respondent No. 2 had been record-
ed also as ‘Dhoba’ which undoubtedly is a Scheduled
96
Caste under the Scheduled Castes Order, 1950 issued under
the provisions of Article 341 of the Constitution of India.
It is also pertinent to mention that ‘Rajaka’ is the literal
synonym for the word ‘Dhoba’ and according to the Puma
Chandra Oriya Bhasakosha which is a recognised authority,
the definition of ‘Dhoba’ is Rajaka-washerman. As such, the
submission that the caste ‘Rajaka’ is different from caste
‘Dhoba’ is not at all sustainable. It is pertinent to refer
in this connection to the observations of the Supreme Court
in B. Basavalingappa v. D. Munichinnappa, [1965] 1 SCR 316
at 320 wherein it has been observed that:
“Ordinarily therefore it would not have been open in the
present case to give evidence that the Voddar caste was the
same as the Bhovi caste specified in the Order for Voddar
caste is not mentioned in brackets after the Bhovi caste in
the Order.
But that in our opinion does not conclude the
matter in the peculiar circumstances of the present case.
The difficulty in the present case arises from the fact
(which was not disputed before the High Court) that in the
Mysore State as it was before the re-organisation of 1956
there was no caste known as Bhovi at all. The Order refers
to a scheduled caste known as Bhovi at the Mysore State as
it was before 1956 and therefore it must be accepted that
there was some caste which the President intended to include
after consultation with the Rajpramukh in the Order, when
the Order mentions the caste Bhovi as a scheduled caste. It
cannot be accepted that the President included the caste
Bhovi in the Order though there was no such caste at all in
the Mysore State as it existed before 1956. But when it is
not disputed that there was no caste specifically known as
Bhovi in the Mysore State before 1956, the only course open
to courts to find out which caste was meant by Bhovi is to
take evidence in that behalf.”
In the instant case, referring to this decision even
though the respondent Nos. 2 and 5 i.e. the transferors
mentioned in the deeds of transfer their caste as ‘Rajaka’,
there is no such caste mentioned in the Constitution of
Scheduled Caste Order, 1950. In such circumstances, relying
on the aforesaid observation of this Court, it is necessary
and also incumbent on the Court to consider as to what caste
the respondent Nos. 2 and 5 belong to. Moreover, considering
the record of
97
rights as well as the various certificates issued by the
revenue authorities and the local M.L.As. referred to here-
inbefore wherein the transferors have been described as
belonging to ‘Dhoba’ community, the irresistible conclusion
that follows is that the respondents-transferors belong to
‘Dhoba’ caste which is one of the Scheduled Caste in the
State of Orissa.
In the premises aforesaid the judgment and order of the
High Court referred to in O.J.C. Nos. 1007 and 1008 of 1983
are liable to be set aside. We, therefore, set aside the
same and affirm the order of the Special Officer, Land
Reforms, Central Division, Cuttack passed in O.L.R. Revision
No. 131 of 1982 and O.L.R. No. 142 of 1982. The respondent
Nos. 1, 3 and 4 are directed to restore the lands in ques-
tion to the possession of the respondent Nos. 2 and 5 forth-
with. The appeals are allowed without any order as to costs.
T.N.A. Appeals allowed.
98