REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 831 of 2007
SK. Yusuf ...Appellant
Versus
State of West Bengal ...Respondent
J U D G M E N T
Dr. B.S. CHAUHAN, J.
1. This criminal appeal has been preferred against the judgment
and order dated 28.06.2006 passed by the High Court of Calcutta in
C.R.A.No. 229 of 2000, by which it dismissed the appeal of the
appellant against the judgment and order of conviction dated
26.5.2000 passed by the Additional Sessions Judge, First Court,
Burdwan in Sessions Trial No. 7 of 1999, convicting the appellant
under Sections 302 and 201 of the Indian Penal code, 1860
(hereinafter referred to as `IPC’) and appellant has been imposed the
sentence to suffer rigorous imprisonment for life under Section 302
IPC and sentence of one year under Section 201 IPC. Both the
sentences have been directed to run concurrently.
2. The facts and circumstances giving rise to this case are that:
(A) On 31.08.1991, Sahanara Khatun, daughter of Abdul Rajak,
resident of village Batrish Bigha, PS: Jamalpur, aged 13 years, had
gone to pluck jhinga at about 9.30 A.M. from her jhinga field. She did
not return till 10.30 A.M., her father Abdul Rajak alongwith Habibur
Rahaman and Sirajul Islam went to search her, however, could not
trace her in the jhinga field. They looked for her in bamboo grove in
nearby graveyard and found a freshly dug earth, thus, they removed
the soil and found the dead body of Sahanara Khatun.
(B) Imdad Ali (PW.1) lodged the FIR on the same day at 12.05
hours under Sections 302 and 201 IPC at Police Station Jamalpur,
District Burdwan at a distance of 8 kilometres from the place of
occurrence, wherein the appellant was named as accused on the
suspicion that appellant was seen by Abdul Rashid (PW.5) and
Swapan Murmu catching fish in the canal adjoining his jhinga field
and was also seen talking with deceased. The appellant was having a
spade in his hand, when it is inquired from the appellant, he replied
that he had gone to catch the fish near railway track. Subsequently,
2
the appellant absconded. In the FIR, it had already been mentioned
before committing the murder, Yusuf, the appellant tried to commit
rape and on being resisted by the deceased, the appellant assaulted her
on her head with spade and murdered and buried her in the graveyard.
Thus, investigation ensued. The appellant was arrested on 7.9.1991 by
the villagers in the paddy fields near Batrish Bigha and handed over to
the police. It was on his disclosure that an old spade, one ghuni and
one enamel thala (plate) were recovered. After completing the
investigation, chargesheet was filed against the appellant. He denied
his involvement in the crime pleading not guilty. Thus, he was put to
trial. The prosecution examined 19 witnesses to prove its case.
(C) After conclusion of the trial, the Additional Sessions Judge,
Burdwan, vide judgment and order dated 26.5.2000 found the
appellant guilty of offences punishable under Sections 302 and 201
IPC and sentenced him to life imprisonment and fine of Rs.1,000/-
under Section 302 IPC and further sentenced to one year rigorous
imprisonment and fine of Rs.500/- under Section 201 IPC.
(D) Being aggrieved from the aforesaid judgment, the appellant
preferred Criminal Appeal No. 229 of 2000 in the High Court of
Calcutta which has been dismissed vide judgment and order dated
28.6.2006. Hence, this appeal.
3
3. Shri R.K. Gupta, learned Amicus Curiae, has submitted that it
is a case of circumstantial evidence. There is no evidence on record
that Sahanara Khatun, deceased, was seen with the appellant at the
place of occurrence. The spade recovered by the Investigating Officer
during investigation had not been sent for chemical analysis. The trial
court as well as the High Court placed a very heavy reliance upon
extra-judicial confession allegedly made by the appellant before Nurul
Islam (PW.11) and Ali Hossain (PW.13) and others though there was
no such confession. Nurul Islam is the brother-in-law of Abdul Rajak
(PW.2), father of the deceased. Ali Hossain (PW.13) is a resident of
the village of Nurul Islam (PW.11). He did not support the version of
extra-judicial confession put forward by Nurul Islam (PW.11). There
are contradictory statements regarding catching hold of the appellant
at Jamalpur after one week of the incidence. There is no evidence of
sexual assault on the deceased. Dr. Samudra Chakraborty (PW.18),
who conducted the post-mortem on the body of Sahanara Khatun
(deceased) did not mention in his report that any sexual assault was
made on the deceased prior to her death. Thus, the appeal deserves to
be allowed.
4
4. On the contrary, Shri Tara Chandra Sharma, learned counsel
appearing for the State, has vehemently opposed the appeal
contending that there are concurrent findings of fact which do not
require any interference by this Court. Undoubtedly, the case is based
on circumstantial evidence but chain is complete and the
circumstantial evidence is so strong that it unmistakably points to the
guilt of the appellant and that circumstances are incapable of
explanation upon any other reasonable hypothesis that of the guilt of
the appellant. There have been sufficient material on the basis of
which the two courts below have convicted the appellant and the said
judgments do not require any interference. The appeal lacks merit and
is liable to be dismissed.
5. We have considered the submissions made by the learned
counsel for the parties and perused the record. Before proceeding
further, it may be necessary to refer to the findings recorded by the
courts below briefly.
6. Trial Court’s findings:
I. It appears from the evidence of Nurul Islam (PW.11) and Ali
Hossain (PW.13) that the accused made an extra-judicial confession
before them and also before other villagers when he was caught by
5
them about 7 days after his leaving away from his village after the
date of occurrence. The court further held that there was no direct
evidence and it was a case of circumstantial evidence and there was
enough evidence on record, particularly, of Imdad Ali (PW.1), Abdul
Rajak (PW.2), Habibar Rahaman (PW.3), Abdul Majid Mallick
(PW.4), Abdul Rashid (PW.5), Alirul Rahmal (PW.6) and Abdul
Salam Mallick (PW.7) that accused was present near the place of
occurrence at the relevant time when Sahanara Khatun, deceased went
to jhinga field and the accused was carrying at that time one spade.
II. It appears from the evidence of Abdul Rashid (PW.5) and
Alirul Rahmal (PW.6) that there was no one else at the place of
occurrence adjacent to jhinga field and the accused was carrying one
spade on the basis of which the trial Court came to the following
conclusion:
“So there may be a reasonable inference that the accused,
who had one spade in his hand and who was engaged in
catching fish near the P.O., suddenly attacked the victim-
Sahanara when she came to the jhinga field and thereafter
attempted to rape her and when he was resisted by her he
became violent and murdered Sahanara with the help of his
spade. The medical evidence given by Dr. Samudra
Chakraborty (PW.18) will corroborate that Sahanara was
murdered by Yusuf with a sharp-cutting weapon, which
may be a spade and also by suffocation. The accused only
had the opportunity to assault Sahanara in such a way as he
carried the spade with him at that time and there is no
6
evidence from any side that except the accused such a
spade was carried at that time by anybody else. Moreover,
the accused himself had admitted in his extra-judicial
confession before Nurul Islam (PW.11) and Ali Hossain
(PW.13) and others that he murdered Sahanara at the
relevant time when he was resisted by her from committing
rape upon her at the relevant time”.
III. Extra-judicial confession came from the mouth of the witnesses
who appeared to be unbiased and not even remotely inimical to the
accused. Undoubtedly, Nurul Islam (PW.11) was a maternal uncle of
the deceased but another witness in this regard i.e. Habibar Rahaman
(PW.3) had no relationship with the family of the victim. Therefore, his
evidence to the extent of extra-judicial confession would be legally and
validly taken into consideration. The trial Court basically found the
incriminating circumstance against the appellant as he is absconding
and ultimately it found that there was cogent evidence against the
appellant.
7. High Court’s findings:
The High Court has accepted the judgment of the trial Court in
toto observing that depositions of the witnesses, particularly, Abdul
Majid Mallick (PW.4) and Abdul Rashid (PW.5) remained unshaken
to the extent that at the material time they found the accused near the
place of graveyard with spade in his hand. Another circumstance
7
which swayed with the High Court had been that just after the incident
the appellant ran away. The High Court has accepted non-
examination of some material witnesses, particularly, Swapan Murmu,
Rejaul and Sirajul, accepting the explanation furnished by Abdul
Majid Mallick (PW.4) that at the relevant point of leading evidence,
none of these persons was available in that area. The extra-judicial
confession made by the appellant-accused before Nurul Islam
(PW.11) and Ali Hossain (PW.13) in presence of others has also been
accepted. Further, the High Court had accepted the explanation
furnished by the prosecution that in case there has been some laches
on the part of the Investigating Officer in sending the spade etc. for
chemical analysis, no adverse presumption can be drawn against the
prosecution. The motive had been found as to the possibility of the
accused trying to commit sexual assault. All these factors had been
found by the High Court of the conclusive nature as to exclude every
other possibility except the accused being guilty of the offence.
8. The case requires to be examined as to whether the aforesaid
findings are sustainable in the eyes of law.
LAST SEEN THEORY:
8
9. The courts below have concluded that there was sufficient
material on record to show that the deceased and the appellant were
seen together at the place of occurrence. Abdul Rashid (PW.5) is
alleged to have stated in this regard. The relevant part of his
statement reads as under:
“When I was returning from my field at 9.00 A.M., I saw
Yusuf, appellant, catching fish near the jhinga field adjacent
to the graveyard. I talked with him there and thereafter
returned home. I did not see anybody else near that place.
At about 10.45 A.M., I heard that the dead body of the
Sahanara Khatun was recovered from the graveyard as she
had been murdered by someone. I went to graveyard
alongwith others. When the police officer asked me as to
who was the person, I told him that I saw Yusuf, appellant,
catching fish in a nala near the graveyard.”(Emphasis added)
10. Another star witness Abdul Majid Mallick (PW.4) stated :
“I alongwith Rezwan Ali went to the house of Yusuf,
appellant. We saw at the time that Yusuf, appellant, was
going to his house with a spade and thala. Yusuf, appellant
reported to us that he went to catch fish beside the nala.
Rasid and Swapan firmly stated that they saw Yusuf, near
the jhinga field. I again went to the house of Yusuf, and saw
he fled away. Therefore, we could not apprehend Yusuf, in
our village.”
11. Abdul Majid Mallick (PW.4), a resident of the same village
deposed that alongwith other persons particularly Rezwan Ali, he
went to the house of Yusuf, appellant, and saw that he was going to
9
his house with a spade and thala and Yusuf had told them that he had
gone to catch fish beside the nala. He stated as under:
“I do not know as to why Sahanara Khatun was murdered.
Swapan Murmu is not a resident of our village. I cannot say
where he is now residing. Rejowan Ali is an ailing person.
Sirajul is now residing in Punjab. I saw Yusuf coming to his
house carrying spade and a plate in his hand. I heard from
Rashid and Swapan that they had seen the accused near the
place of occurrence.”
12. Imdad Ali (PW.1), informant has deposed that Abdul Rashid
(PW.5) and Swapan Murmu (not examined) saw that Yusuf was
talking with the deceased, Sahanara Khatun. Abdul Rajak (PW.2),
father of the deceased had deposed as under:
“I came to know that Yusuf murdered my daughter …
I cannot say what was the reason for murder of my
daughter”.
13. The persons particularly Rezwan Ali and Sirajul who had told
these witnesses that they had seen the appellant-accused near the
jhinga field at the relevant time had not been examined. More so, it
has not been stated by any of the aforesaid witnesses or persons not
examined that Sahanara Khatun (deceased) was also seen there
alongwith Yusuf, appellant. It has not been deposed by any of the
witnesses that deceased was seen talking with the appellant at all.
10
14. The last seen theory comes into play where the time gap
between the point of time when the accused and deceased were last
seen alive and when the deceased is found dead is so small that
possibility of any person other than the accused being the author of
the crime becomes impossible. (Vide: Mohd. Azad alias Samin v.
State of West Bengal, (2008) 15 SCC 449; and State thr. Central
Bureau of Investigation v. Mahender Singh Dahiya, (2011) 3 SCC
109).
15. From the above, it is evident that neither Abdul Majid Mallick
(PW.4) nor Abdul Rashid (PW.5) had stated that either of them had
seen Sahanara Khatun (deceased) alongwith Yusuf, near the place of
occurrence in close proximity of time. All the witnesses deposed that
appellant alone was seen near the place of occurrence with spade as
he had gone there for catching the fish. Thus, there is no evidence to
the extent that the deceased and appellant were seen together at the
place of occurrence or nearby the same in close proximity of time.
16. While the appellant-accused was examined by the trial Court
under Section 313 of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereinafter
called as Cr.P.C.), he was asked the question that during that time
Abdul Rashid (PW.5) and Swapan Murmu (not examined) had seen
11
him talking with the deceased. The appellant replied that he was
innocent.
17. We fail to understand as no witness had deposed seeing
Sahanara Khatun, deceased talking with the appellant/accused, how
such a question could be put to the accused.
EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION:
18. Nurul Islam (PW.11), maternal uncle of the deceased, resident
of village Rupsona, is not a witness of incident, rather deposed that he
was the person who chased and apprehended the appellant after about
7 days of the incident. The relevant part of his statement reads as
under:
“After 6-7 days, when I went to Shyamsundar Bazar for
my business, I saw Yusuf on the roof of a bus. He got
down from the bus after seeing me. He told me that he
did the wrong and begged apology for that and
pleaded not to assault him but take him to Jamalpur
Police Station. I took Yusuf towards Batrish Bigha
village by boat and when we crossed the river Damodar,
Yusuf started running. I chased him but failed to catch
him and then cried for help. Thereafter, public caught
Yusuf at Jamalpur Poolmatha. When we took him to
the village, Yusuf admitted to him and others that he
murdered Sahanara Khatun and, thereafter, he asked
the persons to take him to Jamalpur Police Station.
Yusuf told them that he attempted to commit rape
upon Sahanara Khatun and when she resisted, he
assaulted her with the spade on her head and killed her
and concealed the dead body in the graveyard”.
(Emphasis added)
12
In his cross-examination, PW.11 repeated the same about the
confession made by Yusuf, appellant before him in presence of other
persons of the village.
19. Ali Hossain (PW.13) is a resident of the village of Nurul Islam
(PW.11) and deposed :
“……I went to Shyamsundar Bazar for purchasing goats.
At that time, we see the accused on the roof of a bus. My
friend Nurul Islam who was with me asked the accused to
come down and he came down from the roof of the bus and
requested us not to assault him and to take him at the Police
Station Jamalpur and thereafter Nurul Islam took the
accused towards Jamapur Police Station.”
In the cross examination, his deposition is as under:
“I did not state to I.O. that after crossing the river at
Karalaghat the accused ran towards Jamalpur. I did not
chase the accused by crying – catch, catch. I did not state to
I.O. that some persons of Jamalpur caught the accused. …. I
alone went to Shyamsundar Bazar. Thereafter I purchased
goats from Shyamsundar Bazar. I cannot say anything more
about the occurrence.”
20. By comparison of the statements of Nurul Islam (PW.11) and
Ali Hossain, (PW.13), it is evident that Nurul Islam (PW.11) did not
state anywhere in his statement in the court that at the time of
apprehending the accused, Ali Hossian (PW.13) was also with him. It
13
is only Ali Hossain (PW.13) who stated that his friend Nurul Islam
(PW.11) was with him. He further stated that it was Nurul Islam who
asked the accused to come down from the roof of the bus and the
accused came down. The statement of Nurul Islam (PW.11) is
otherwise that he saw Yusuf, appellant, on the roof of the bus. Yusuf,
appellant, got down from the bus after seeing him and told him that he
did the wrong and begged apology for that. Ali Hossain (PW.13) did
not speak anywhere regarding any confession, though stated that the
accused requested them not to assault, rather to take him to police
station. The material contradictions are there in respect of the
manner in which the appellant had been apprehended. Ali Hossain
(PW.13) did not state that appellant made an attempt to runaway after
making the said witness.
21. Digambar Mondal (PW.19), the Investigating Officer has
deposed that he had noticed the marks of injury on the cheek,
forehead and head of the deceased. The wearing apparels of the victim
were not soaked with blood. He only sent the wearing pant of the
victim for chemical examination. He seized spade but did not sent it
for chemical analysis. In his cross-examination he has stated as under:
“The witness Nurul Islam stated to me that the
accused was caught by some persons at Jamalpur Pool-
14
matha and thereafter police came and at that time the
accused stated before those persons and police that he
tried to commit rape Sahanara on 31.8.1998 and when she
resisted the accused hit her with a spade and thereafter hid
her body in the court-yard by digging some earth there”.
(Emphasis added)
22. Both, Nurul Islam (PW.11) and Ali Hossain (PW.13) are
chance witnesses as they alleged to be in Shyamsundar Bazar on that
date for marketing and none of them had regular business in that
bazar. The Court while dealing with a circumstance of extra-judicial
confession must keep in mind that it is a very weak type of evidence
and require appreciation with great caution.
Extra-judicial confession must be established to be true and
made voluntarily and in a fit state of mind. The words of the witness
must be clear, unambiguous and clearly convey that accused is the
perpetrator of the crime. The “extra-judicial confession can be
accepted and can be the basis of a conviction if it passes the test of
credibility”. (See: State of Rajasthan v. Raja Ram, (2003) 8 SCC
180; and Kulvinder Singh & Anr. v. State of Haryana, (2011) 5
SCC 258).
23. Nurul Islam (PW.11) who is maternal uncle of the deceased had
deposed about extra-judicial confession made by the accused in
presence of others, though he was not able to explain who were the
15
other persons as no other person has been examined in this respect.
Digambar Mondal (PW.19) had deposed that Nurul Islam (PW.11)
had told him about the confession by the accused in presence of other
persons and police personnel. The accused had told him also that dead
body was buried in the courtyard. Thus, the theory of extra-judicial
confession revealed by Nurul Islam (PW.11) does not get
corroboration from the statement of Ali Hossain (PW.13) or any other
independent witness or police personnel. Nor the body of the deceased
was recovered from the courtyard. While considering the material
contradictions in the statement of Nurul Islam (PW.11) and Ali
Hossain (PW.13), we do not consider that it would be safe to accept
his version in this respect.
24. Dr. Samudra Chakraborty (PW.18), who conducted the autopsy
on the body of Sahanara Khatun found the following injuries:
i) One incised wound 4″ x 0.2″ x scalp deep over middle
3rd of left parietal region (vault of the scalp) cutting
through the skin, pussa, muscle, vessel and nerve and
being placed 1.2″ left on mid-line of the body;
ii) Bruises over 1″ x 0.6″ x over left side of forehead and
being placed 0.5″ left of mid-line of the body;
16
iii) One lacerated wound 0.6″ x 0.4″ muscle and bone deep
over left molar region with extra-vesation of blood and
blood-clot in around the wound;
iv) Haema toma (red) 3.2″ x 1.5″ in area over left temporal
parietal region;
v) Subdural haemorrhage of both sides of tempero parietal
region of the brain.
In the opinion of the doctor, death was due to combine
effect of injuries and suffocation. The incised wound could be caused
by a hit of sharp edge of the spade. The haema toma on the victim
could be caused by a hit of heavy blunt weapon. This witness did not
speak of any sign of sexual assault on the deceased before or after her
death.
ABSCONDANCE:
25. Both the courts below have considered the circumstance of
abscondance of the appellant as a circumstance on the basis of which
an adverse inference could be drawn against him. It is a settled legal
proposition that in case a person is absconding after commission of
offence of which he may not even be the author, such a circumstance
alone may not be enough to draw an adverse inference against him as it
would go against the doctrine of innocence. It is quite possible that he
may be running away merely being suspected, out of fear of police
17
arrest and harassment. (Vide: Matru @ Girish Chandra v. The
State of U.P., AIR 1971 SC 1050; Paramjeet Singh @ Pamma v.
State of Uttarakhand AIR 2011 SC 200; and Rabindra Kumar Pal
@ Dara Singh v. Republic of India, (2011) 2 SCC 490)
Thus, in view of the law referred to hereinabove, mere
abscondance of the appellant cannot be taken as a circumstance which
give rise to draw an adverse inference against him.
26. CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE:
Undoubtedly, conviction can be based solely on
circumstantial evidence. However, the court must bear in mind while
deciding the case involving the commission of serious offence based
on circumstantial evidence that the prosecution case must stand or fall
on its own legs and cannot derive any strength from the weakness of
the defence case. The circumstances from which the conclusion of
guilt is to be drawn should be fully established. The facts so established
should be consistent only with the hypothesis of the guilt of the
accused and they should not be explainable on any other hypothesis
except that the accused is guilty. The circumstances should be of a
18
conclusive nature and tendency. There must be a chain of evidence so
complete as not to leave any reasonable ground for the conclusion
consistent with the innocence of the accused and must show that in all
human probability the act must have been done by the accused. (Vide:
Sharad Birdhichand Sarda v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1984 SC
1622, Krishnan v. State represented by Inspector of Police, (2008)
15 SCC 430; and Wakkar & Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2011)
3 SCC 306).
27. No presumption could be drawn on the issue of last seen
together merely on the fact that Abdul Rajak (PW.2), father of the
deceased had stated that Sahanara Khatun had gone to pluck the jhinga
and her dead body was recovered from there. The witnesses merely
stated that the accused was present in the close proximity of that area.
That does not itself establish the last seen theory because none of the
witnesses said that the accused and deceased were seen together. Most
of the witnesses had deposed that the accused was having spade. It
may connect the appellant to the factum of digging the earth. A person
going for catching fish normally does not take a spade with him.
The nature of the admissibility of the facts discovered pursuant
to the statement of the accused under Section 27 of Indian Evidence
19
Act, 1872 is very limited. If an accused deposes to the police officer
the fact as a result of which the weapon with which the crime is
committed is discovered, and as a result of such disclosure, recovery of
the weapon is made, no inference can be drawn against the accused, if
there is no evidence connecting the weapon with the crime alleged to
have been committed by the accused.
Be that as it may, the spade had not been sent for chemical
analysis as admitted by Digambar Mondal (PW.19), I.O. himself and
there was no explanation furnished as for what reason it was not sent.
In case of circumstantial evidence, not sending the weapon used in
crime for chemical analysis is fatal for the reason that the
circumstantial evidence may not lead to the only irresistible conclusion
that the appellant was the perpetrator of the crime and none else and
that in the absence of any report of Serologist as to the presence of
human blood on the weapon may make the conviction of the accused
unsustainable. (Vide: Akhilesh Hajam v. State of Bihar (1995) Supp
3 SCC 357).
There is no medical evidence or suggestion by any person as to
the sexual assault on the deceased. Therefore, it merely remained the
guesswork of the people at large. Mere imagination that such thing
might have happened is not enough to record conviction.
20
28. This incident had occurred in a broad day light at 9.30 a.m. in
the month of August in the agricultural field surrounded by agricultural
field of others. Therefore, the presence of a large number of persons in
the close vicinity of the place of occurrence can be presumed and it is
apparent also from the statement of Aliful Rahmal (PW.6). Thus, had
the deceased been with the appellant, somebody could have seen her at
the place of occurrence. It cannot be a positive evidence as concluded
by the courts below that none other than the appellant could commit
her murder because no one else had been there at the place of
occurrence. In fact, nobody had ever seen the deceased at the place of
occurrence. Digging the earth by a single person to the extent that a
dead body be covered by earth requires a considerable time and there
was a possibility that during such period somebody could have seen the
person indulged in any of these activities, though no evidence is there
to that extent. The circumstances from which the conclusion of guilt is
to be drawn in such a case should be fully established. The
circumstances concerned “must or should” and “not and may be”
established. In the instant case, the circumstances have not been
established.
21
29. In view of the above, we are of the considered opinion that the
courts below convicted the appellant on a mere superfluous approach
without in depth analysis of the relevant facts.
30. In the facts and circumstances of the case, the appeal succeeds
and is allowed. The appellant is given benefit of doubt and acquitted of
the charges of offences punishable under Sections 302 and 201 IPC.
Appellant is in jail. He be released forthwith unless his detention is
required in any other case.
………………………………J.
(Dr. B.S. CHAUHAN)
……………………………….
J.
(SWATANTER KUMAR)
New Delhi,
June 14, 2011
22