JUDGMENT
M.C. Agarwal, J.
1. These two petitions have been filed by the same petitioner and involve identical controversy. They were, therefore, heard together and are disposed of by this common judgment.
2. We have heard Sri Shambhu Chopra, learned counsel for the petitioner, and Sri A.N. Mahajan, learned standing counsel for the respondents.
3. The petitioner is a Hindu undivided family which is assessed to wealth-tax. The petitioner carries on business in the name of Lala Kashi Nath Seth Jewellers. Writ Petition No. 423 of 1986 challenges the notice issued by the Commissioner of Wealth-tax under Section 25(2) of the Wealth-tax Act, 1957, proposing to revise the petitioner’s assessments for assessment years 1982-83 and 1983-84. A copy of the notice dated March 10/14, 1986, is annexure 5 to the writ petition. It states that in the wealth-tax assessment of the assessee (petitioner), the capital balance of the firm, Lala Kashi Nath Seth Jewellers and Kashi Nath Jewellery House, have been included in the assessable wealth as per balance-sheet and the assessee’s share in the firm, Lala Kashi Nath Seth Jewellers, Bareilly, has similarly been taken as per balance-sheet. The Commissioner’s contention was that the value of the assets of the said firm exceeded more than 20 per cent. of the value as shown in the balance-sheet and, therefore, as per Rule 2B(2) of the Wealth-tax Rules and as per decision of the Supreme Court in Juggilal Kamlapat Bankers v. WTO [1984] 145 ITR 485, the Assessing Officer should have determined the market value of these assets on the valuation date and since this has not been done, the assessment orders were erroneous and prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue. The petitioner’s contention is that the assessments were subjected to appeals before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner of Wealth-tax and the assessment orders, therefore, merged with the appellate orders and, consequently, the Commissioner had no jurisdiction under Section 25(2) to revise the assessment orders. The other contention raised in these writ petitions is that Rule 2B(2) is invalid. It is averred that according to commercial trade and practice based upon standard accounting practice adopted in preparation of the balance-sheet, the commercial value of the business as a whole is to be taken and not the market value of individual assets and if the provisions of Rule 2B(2) are mandatory, then they are violative of Section 7 of the Wealth-tax Act. It is also averred that Rule 2B being against the principles of accountancy is unreasonable, arbitrary and violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. In the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the respondents, these contentions are controverted and it is asserted that by
virtue of Rule 2B(2) and the decision of the Supreme Court (supra), the Assessing Officer should have taken the market value of the assets of the aforesaid businesses and since this was not done, the assessments are erroneous and prejudicial to the interests of the Revenue.
4. Writ Petition No. 315 of 1990, as stated above, is by the same petitioner and pertains to the assessment years 1985-86, 1986-87 and 1987-88. For these years, the Assessing Officer proposed to determine the market value of the business assets in terms of Rule 2B and the petitioner rushed to this court and has filed this petition challenging the validity of Rule 2B(2) on the same grounds as in Writ Petition No. 423 of 1986. In both these writ petitions by interim orders dated April 28, 1986, and March 15, 1990, respectively, further proceedings before the Commissioner and the Assessing Officer, respectively, were stayed.
5. Let us first take up the question of merger which is relevant in Writ Petition No. 423 of 1986. In J. K. Synthetics Ltd. v. Addl. CIT [1976] 105 ITR 344 (All), a Division Bench of this court had held that where an assessment order is appealed to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner, the whole assessment order merges in the appellate order and thereafter it is only the appellate order that can be revised or rectified and this was so even if in the appeal the point on which rectification or revision is intended to be made was not involved. Learned counsel, therefore, contended that although the question of valuation of the assets was not raised in the appeals, yet since the appellate authority had the power of enhancement, the whole assessment was open before it and, consequently, the assessment order as a whole would merge in the appellate order. Learned standing counsel, on the other hand, relied upon the amendment of Section 25 by the Finance Act, 1988, by which an Explanation has been added to Section 25(2) as under :
“Explanation.–For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared that, for the purposes of this sub-section,–
(a) an order passed on or before or after the 1st day of June, 1988, by the Assessing Officer shall include an order made by the Joint Commissioner in exercise of the powers or in the performance of the functions of an Assessing Officer conferred on or assigned to him under orders or directions issued by the Board or by the Chief Commissioner or Director-General or Commissioner authorised by the Board in this behalf under Section 120 of the Income-tax Act read with Section 8 of this Act ;
(b) ‘record’ shall include and shall be deemed always to have included all records relating to any proceeding under this Act available at the time of examination by the Commissioner ;
(c) where any order referred to in this sub-section and passed by the Assessing Officer had been the subject-matter of any appeal filed on or before or after the first day of June, 1988, the powers of the Commissioner
under this sub-section shall extend and shall be deemed always to have extended to such matters as had not been considered and decided in such appeal.”
6. Thus, the amendment in Clause (c) has complete retrospective effect and the power of the Commissioner under this sub-section shall be deemed always to have extended to such matters as has not been considered and decided in appeal. In the present case, admittedly, the question of valuation of the business assets was not dealt with by the appellate authority and, therefore, the amendment takes care of the arguments raised on behalf of the petitioner. A similar amendment was made in Section 263 of the Income-tax Act, 1961, which is pari materia to Section 25 of the Wealth-tax Act and the Supreme Court in CIT v. Shri Arbuda Mills Ltd. [1998] 231 ITR 50 and in CIT v. Jayhumar B. Patil [1999] 236 ITR 469, has held that by virtue of the amendment, the Commissioner has jurisdiction to revise those parts of the assessment order which have not been considered and decided in the appeal. Thus, in view of the amendment, referred to above, and the aforesaid judgments of the Supreme Court, the argument based on the theory of merger fails.
7. The next contention is that Rule 2B(2) is invalid because it is against the standard and established accounting practice, etc. Rule 2B as it stood at the relevant time is as under :
“(1) The value of an asset disclosed in the balance-sheet shall be taken to be(a) in the case of an asset on which no depreciation is admissible, its written down value ;
(b) in the case of an asset on which no depreciation is admissible, its book value ;
(c) in the case of closing stock, its value adopted for the purposes of assessment under the Income-tax Act, 1961, for the previous year relevant to the corresponding assessment year.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-rule (1) where the market value of an asset exceeds its written down value or its book value or the value adopted for purposes of assessment under the Income-tax Act, 1961, as the case may be, by more than 20 per cent., the value of that asset shall, for the purposes of Rule 2A, be taken to be its market value.”
8. Section 3 of the Wealth-tax Act, 1957, is the charging section and the tax is levied in respect of the net wealth on the corresponding valuation date of every individual, Hindu undivided family. The net wealth of an asses-see consists of all his assets except those in respect of which the Act grants exemption, as reduced by the amount of liabilities and net wealth has been defined in Section 2(m) of the Act as under :
“(m) ‘net wealth’ means the amount by which the aggregate value computed in accordance with the provisions of this Act of all the assets,
wherever located, belonging to the assessee on the valuation date, including assets required to be included in his net wealth as on that date under this Act, is in excess of the aggregate value of all the debts owed by the assessee on the valuation date which have been incurred in relation to the said assets.”
9. Thus, for the levy of wealth-tax, the value of the various assets belonging to an assessee on the valuation date has to be determined. Section 7 of the Act says that subject to any rules made in this behalf, the value of any asset, other than cash, for the purposes of this Act, shall be estimated to be the price which in the opinion of the Assessing Officer, it would fetch if sold in the open market on the valuation date. Thus, generally the market value of each asset as on the valuation date has to be estimated and adopted for levying the wealth-tax. Sub-section (2), however conferred discretion on the Assessing Officer authorising him to determine the net value of the business as a whole having regard to the balance-sheet of such business as on the valuation date and making such adjustments therein, as may be prescribed, instead of determining separately the value of each asset. Clause (a) of Section 7(2) which is relevant is as under :
“(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sub-section (1),–
(a) where the assessee is carrying on a business for which accounts are maintained by him regularly, the Assessing Officer may, instead of determining separately the value of each asset held by the assessee in such business, determine the net value of the assets of the business as a whole having” regard to the balance-sheet of such business as on the valuation date and making such adjustments therein as may be prescribed.”
10. In the rules, the provision has been made for determining the market value of the various assets. As stated above, Section 7(2)(a) permitted the Assessing Officer to determine the net value of the assets of the business as a whole by making such adjustments therein as may be prescribed. The prescription has been made in Rule 2A of the Wealth-tax Rules which says that where the Wealth-tax Officer determines under Clause (a) of Sub-section (2) of Section 7 the net value of the assets of the business as a whole having regard to the balance-sheet of such business, he shall make the adjustments specified in Rules 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F and 2G. It is in pursuance of Rule 2A that the Assessing Officer has to make the necessary adjustment as mentioned in Rule 2B(2) where the value of an asset exceeds by more than 20 per cent., the value of such asset as shown in the balance-sheet. Therefore, Rule 2B(2), when read with the definition of net wealth and Section 7, only carries out the purpose of the Act, which is to tax the market value of the asset and not its book value and, therefore, it cannot be said that the rules are repugnant and contradictory to the provisions or the scheme of the Act. As regards the allegation that the rule is against the standard accounting practice, the same has no force because taxes are
levied in terms of statutory provisions and not accounting practices. The Supreme Court in Juggilal Kamlapat Bankers v. WTO [1984] 145 ITR 485, has held that the primary method of determining’ the value of the assets for the purposes of the Wealth-tax Act is the one indicated in Section 7(1) in as much as it provides that the value of any asset other than cash shall be estimated to be its market value on the valuation date. It was also held that the method provided in the Act and the rules for adopting” the balance-sheet value was not binding or conclusive. It is well known that the value of assets mentioned in the books of account may at times not be the real market value of the asset. In some cases the real market value may be more and in others, it may be much less. Therefore, it is open to both sides to take recourse to the real market value and so far as the Assessing’ Officer is concerned, it is mandatory for him to adopt the market value if the difference in the value is more than 20 per cent. In the present case, it is not denied that the market value was more and exceeded the balance-sheet value by more than 20 per cent. The Supreme Court in Tuticorin Alkali Chemicals and Fertilisers Ltd. v. CIT [1997] 227 ITR 172, has held that the principles of accountancy do not override the provisions of tax statutes. Similarly, in United Commercial Bank v. CIT [1999] 240 ITR 355, the Supreme Court held that though by virtue of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, a banker may be obliged to show in its balance-sheet the valuation of stock-in-trade at cost, for the purposes of income-tax, the assessee was entitled to value the stock-in-trade at cost or market value, whichever is less. In CWT v. Vysyaraju Badreenarayana Moorthy Raju [1985] 152 ITR 454 (SC), the Supreme Court held that the method of accounting is of no relevance for determining the value of the assets. In that case, the assessee was maintaining the accounts on cash basis and had not included the accrued interest in its net wealth. The Supreme Court held that such interest was includible in the net wealth of the assessee.
11. In view of the above discussions and the authoritative pronouncements of the Supreme Court, we do not find any invalidity in the provision of Rule 2B(2) and, therefore, these writ petitions must fail.
12. Both the writ petitions are hereby dismissed with costs to the respondents which we assess at Rs. 2,500 each. The interim orders are vacated.
