JUDGMENT
1. The appellant aggrieved by the order dated 27-2-1986, passed by the Special Judge (Riots) Thane in Special Criminal Criminal Case No. 51 of 1984, convicting him under Sections 147, read with Sections 149 I.P.C., 148 read with Sections 149 I.P.C., 427 read with Sections 149 I.P.C., 436 read with Section 149 I.P.C, and sentencing him to undergo R.I. for 6 months and to pay a fine of Rs. 100/- in default to further undergo R.I. for 1 month under the first count; R.I. for 9 months, and to pay a fine of Rs. 100/- in default to further undergo R.I. for 1 month under the second count; R.I. for 1 year and to pay a fine of Rs. 300/- in default to further undergo R.I. for 3 months under the third count; and R.I. for one and a half years and to pay a fine of Rs. 500/- in default to further undergo R.I. for 3 months under the fourth count.
Substantive sentences to run concurrently, has come up in appeal before me. Along with the appellant, a very large number of accused persons were tried, but, they have been acquitted by the aforesaid order.
2. The prosecution case in brief is that the appellant was a member of a large mob which had participated in a riot on 20-5-1984 in Rohidaswada, Kalyan. It is alleged that members of the mob were armed with sticks, stones, iron bars and fire balls. The mob is alleged to have comprised of Muslims. As a result of members of mob throwing stones on tiles and roof of houses of many Hindus were damaged. It is also stated that due to hurling of fire balls some houses of Hindus were burnt. On receiving information, the police is alleged to have given warning and directed the mob to disperse. However, the mob became more violent and did not pay any heed to the warning given by the police. Thinking that the only way to control the situation was to order a lathi charge, DCP Chitale ordered a lathi charge but, that had a very little effect on the mob. Left with no other alternative, DCP Chitale ordered firing resulting in two persons in the mob succumbing to bullet injuries. Thereafter, people started running away. It is said that police chased and caught 95 persons, one of them being appellant.
3. It is said that some of the accused persons had sustained minor injuries and were consequenctly sent to Municipal Hospital Kalyan for treatment.
4. All the accused persons, including the appellant, were brought to the police station Kalyan and there Inspector Chavan PW 16 lodged his complaint Exhibit 118. On the basis of the complaint, C.R. No. I 120/84 was registered at police station, Kalyan.
5. The Investigation of the case was done by Inspector Chavan himself. Next morning, he made a spot panchanama Exhibit 107. He recovered stones, pieces of brickbats and bottles and kerosene dipped balls etc. from the spot. He also found that in the rioting, houses of 21 people were damaged. Thereafter, he recorded statements of a large number of witnesses and after completing the investigation he submitted a charge sheet on 31-7-1984, against 83 accused persons. A supplementary charge sheet is alleged to have been filed on 6-11-1984 by Inspector Patil.
6. The trial against the appellant as well as the acquitted accused persons proceeded in the Court of Special Judge (Riots) Thane. As said earlier, excepting the appellant, the learned Trial Judge acquitted all the other accused persons.
7. I have heard Mr. H. A. Solkar, learned counsel for the appellant and Mrs. K. D. Randive learned Additional Public Prosecutor for the State of Maharashtra, at a considerable length. I have also perused the depositions of the witnesses examined in the Trial Court and the various Exhibits tendered and proved in the Trial Court. After giving my anxious consideration to the matter, I am firmly of the opinion that the appeal deserves to be allowed. Mr. Solkar vehemently submitted that against the appellant, evidence of 8 eye-witnesses wasadduced by the prosecution in the trial Court. Out of the aforesaid 8 witnesses, the learned Trial Judge had rejected the evidence of 7 witnesses namely, Ram Sadashiv Rajguru PW 4, Bhagwan Rokade PW 11, Chandrakant Bhoir, PW 14, Ganesh Bhoir PW 3, Mahadu Bhoir, PW 8, Putlabai Bhawal, PW 9, and Gajarabai Khandagale, PW 10. He contended that the learned trial Judge convicted the appellant on the solitary testimony of chandrashekar Bhoir PW 7. His submission is that it was not proper for the learned Judge to accept the solitary evidence of the aforesaid witness. He contended that this witness in his statement under Section 161, Cr.P.C. did not state that he saw through the slit of the door of his house. He also submitted that in the aforesaid statement, this witness did not state that he saw the appellant in the light of roadlamps. To the aforesaid omission, this witness was confronted in the Trial Court and according to the learned counsel for the appellant, he could not give any satisfactory answer. The contention of the learned counsel for the appellant is that inasmuch as the incident took place at about midnight there was no question of the witness recognising the accused without any light. In this view of the matter, the learned counsel for the appellant submitted and with ample justification in my opinion, that the omission in the statement of the witness under action 161, Cr.P.C. regarding the light assumes significance. Such an omission in my view makes it extremely unsafe for me to accept the prosecution case vis-a-vis the appellant because, I find that on a solitary statement, the appellant has been convicted.
8. Mr. Solkar contended that in riot cases, it would not be proper and safe to sustain a conviction on the statement of a solitary witness. In support of his contention, Mr. Solkar invited my attention to para 16 of the Apex Court judgment Masalti v. State of U.P. In the aforesaid paragraph, Their Lordships of the Apex Court observed thus :-
“Where a Criminal Court has to deal with evidence pertaining to the commission of an offence involving a large number of offenders and a large number of victims, it is usual to adopt the test that the conviction could be sustained only if it is supported by two or three or more witnesses who give a consistent account of the incident. In a sense, the test may be described as mechanical; but it is difficult to see how it can be treated as irrational or unreasonable, therefore, we do not think that any grievance can be made by the appellants against the adoption of this test. If at all the prosecution may by entitled to say that the seven accused persons were acquitted because their cases did not satisfy the mechanical test of four witnesses, and if the said test had not been applied, they might as well have been convicted. It is no doubt, the quality of the evidence that matters and not the number of witnesses, who give such evidence. But, sometimes it is useful to adopt a test like the one which the High Court has adopted in dealing with the present case.”
9. I am in respectful agreement with the aforesaid observation of Their Lordships of the Apex Court. The aforesaid observations are based on the rule of prudence. In my opinion, in cases of the present type, it would be extremely hazardous to convict on the testimony of a single eye-witness. In such cases, the rule of prudence requires that Courts should insist on plurality of eye-witness account.
10. I may also mention that in relation to evidence of PW 7 Chandrashekhar Bhoir on the own finding of the learned Trial Judge, contained in para 26 of the judgment to the effect :-
“It is true that he has not specifically stated that accused No. 27 Babu Mestry was throwing stones etc. However, his evidence is specific that the mob was throwing stones etc. and that Babu Mestry was present in that mob. This is sufficient to show that accused No. 27 Babu Mestry was a member of unlawful assembly which had gathered there” :
the position which emerges is that the appellant was simply present on the place of incident. In my opinion, mere presence does not make a person a member of unlawful assembly and hence vicariously liable for all the acts committed by members of the unlawful assembly either in the prosecution of the common object of the unlawful assembly or for such acts which the members of the unlawful assembly knew were likely to be committed. I am fortified in my view by para 19 of the decision of the Apex Court, , Baladin v. State of U.P. wherein. Their Lordships of the Apex Court observed thus :
Para 19 : “It is well settled that mere presence in an assembly does not make such a person a member of an unlawful assembly unless it is shown that he had done something or omitted to do something which would make him member of an unlawful assembly or unless the case falls under Section 142, I.P.C.
The Apex Court in the same para further observed :-
“The evidence as recorded is in general terms to the effect that all these persons and many more were the miscreants and were armed with deadly weapons like guns, spears, pharas, axes, lathis, etc. This kind of omnibus evidence naturally has to be very closely scrutinised in order to eliminate all chance of false or mistaken implication. That feelings were running high on both sides is beyond question.”
11. In view of the aforesaid discussion, the above mentioned decision of the Apex Court and the own finding of the learned Trial Judge, referred to in para 10, the appellant would not be liable in law for the offences for which he has been convicted by the learned Trial Judge. As is clear from a perusal of para 1, of the appellant has been convicted for all the offences. With the aid of Section 149, I.P.C. Since he was not a member of the unlawful assembly, he cannot be convicted with the aid of Section 149, I.P.C.
12. In my opinion, it would neither be prudent nor safe to nor legal to sustain the conviction of the appellant and this appeal deserves to be allowed.
13. In the result, the appeal is allowed. The convictions and sentences of the appellant on various counts are set aside. He is acquitted of all the offences. In case he has paid the fine, the same shall stand refunded to him. He is on bail. He need not surrender. His bail bonds stnd cancelled and sureties discharged.
14. Appeal allowed.