PETITIONER:
BHAGWAT SINGH
Vs.
RESPONDENT:
COMMISSIONER OF POLICE AND ANR.
DATE OF JUDGMENT25/04/1985
BENCH:
BHAGWATI, P.N.
BENCH:
BHAGWATI, P.N.
SEN, AMARENDRA NATH (J)
MADON, D.P.
CITATION:
1985 AIR 1285 1985 SCR (3) 942
1985 SCC (2) 537 1985 SCALE (1)1194
CITATOR INFO :
RF 1988 SC1729 (5)
ACT:
Criminal Procedure Code 1973 ss. 154 and 173-First
Information Report -The informant is entitled to hearing,
when on the basis of police report Magistrate prefers to
drop the proceedings instead of taking cognizance of
offence- Person injured or relative of the person who died
in the incident complained of has no such right of hearing
except a standing to appear before Magistrate the Magistrate
of his own discretion can issue notice to them for hearing.
Administrative Law-Natural justice-Difficulty in
compliance with-Can not be a ground to deny the opportunity
of hearing.
HEADNOTE:
In a criminal case where First Information Report is
lodged and the police submits a report after completion of
investigation initiated on the basis of such FIR that no
offence appears to have been committed, on the question
whether in cases of this kind, the first informant or any
relative of the dec- eased or any other aggrieved person is
entitled to be heard at the time of consideration of the
Report by the Magistrate and whether the Magistrate is bound
to issue notice to any such person, the Court,
^
HELD: I . When the report forwarded by the Officer-in-
charge of a police station to the Magistrate under sub
section (2) (i) of section 173 comes up for consideration by
the Magistrate, one of two different situations may arise.
The report may conclude that an offence appears to have been
committed by a particular person or persons and in such a
case, the Magistrate may do one of three things: (1) he may
accept the report and take cognizance of the offence and
issue process or (2) he may disagree with the report and
drop the proceeding or (3) he may direct further
investigation under sub-section (3) of section 156 and
require the police to make a further report. The report may
on the other hand state that, in the opinion of the police,
no offence appears to have been committed and where such a
report has been made, the Magistrate again has an option to
adopt one of three courses: (1) he may accept the report and
drop the proceeding or (2) he may disagree with the report
and taking the view that there is sufficient ground for
proceeding further, take cognizance of the offence and issue
process or (3) he may direct further investigation to be
made by the police under sub-section (3) of section 156.
Where, in either of these two situations, the
Magistrate decides to take cognizance of the offence and to
issue process, the
943
informant is not prejudicially affected nor is the injured
or in case of death, any relative of the deceased aggrieved,
because cognizance of the offence is taken by the Magistrate
and it is decided by the Magistrate that the case shall
proceed. But if the Magistrate decides that there is no
sufficient ground for proceeding further and drops the
proceedings or takes the view that though there is
sufficient ground for proceeding against others mentioned in
the First Information Report, the informant would certainly
be prejudiced because the First Information Report lodged by
him would have failed of its purpose; wholly or in part.
Moreover, when the interest of the informant in prompt and
effective action being taken on the First Information Report
lodged by him is clearly recognised by the provisions
contained in sub-section (2) of section 154, subsection (2)
of section 157 and sub-section (2) (ii) of section 173, it
must be presumed that the informant would equally be
interested in seeing that the Magistrate takes cognizance of
the offence and issues process, because that would be
culmination of the First Information Report lodged by him.
The Court is accordingly of the view that in a case where
the Magistrate to whom a report is forwarded under sub-
section (2) (i) of section 173 decides not to take
cognizance of the offence and to drop the proceedings or
takes the view that there is no sufficient ground for
proceeding against some of the persons mentioned in the
First Information Report, the Magistrate must give notice to
the informant and provide him an opportunity of being heard
at the time of consideration of the report, and the
difficulty of service of notice on the informant cannot
possibly provide any justification for depriving the
informant of the opportunity of being heard at the time when
the report is considered by the Magistrate.[947G-H; 948,
949A-C]
2. This Court cannot spell out either from the
provisions of the Code of Criminal procedure, 1973 or from
the principles of natural justice, any obligation on the
Magistrate to issue notice to the injured person or to a
relative of the deceased for providing such person an
opportunity to be heard at the time of consideration of the
report, unless such person is the informant who has lodged
the First Information Report. But even if such person ii not
entitled to notice from the Magistrate, he can appear before
the Magistrate and make his submissions when the report is
considered by the Magistrate for the purpose of deciding
what action he should take on the report. The injured person
or any relative of the deceased, though not entitled to
notice from the Magistrate, has locus to appear before the
Magistrate at the time of consideration of the report, if he
otherwise comes to know that the report is going to be
considered by the Magistrate and if he wants to make his
submissions in regard to the report, the Magistrate is bound
to hear him. [949E-G]
Observation:
Even though the Magistrate is not bound to give notice
of the hearing fixed for consideration of the report to the
injured person or to any relative of the deceased, he may,
in the exercise of his discretion, if he so thinks fit, give
such notice to the injured person or to any particular
relative or relatives of the deceased, but not giving of
such notice will not have any invalidating effect on the
order which may be made by the Magistrate on a consideration
of the report.[949H. 950A]
944
JUDGMENT:
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION: Contempt Petition No. 4998 of
1983
IN
CRIMINAL WRIT PETITION NO. 6607 Of 1981
Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India
Kapil Sibal, A.C. and Ms. Madhu Singh for the
petitioner
S.C. Maheshwari, G.D. Gupta and R.N. Poddar for the
Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
BHAGWATI, J. The short question that arises for
consideration in this writ petition is whether in a case
where First Information Report is lodged and after
completion of investigation initiated on the basis of the
First Information Report, the police submits a report that
no offence appears to have been committed, the Magistrate
can accept the report and drop the proceeding without
issuing notice to the first informant or to the injured or
in case the incident has resulted in death, to the relatives
of the deceased. It is not necessary to state the facts
giving rise to this writ petition, because so far as this
writ petition is concerned, we have already directed by our
order dated 28th November, 1983 that before any final order
is passed on the report of the Central Bureau of 1:
Investigation by the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, the
petitioner who is the father of the unfortunate Gurinder
Kaur should be heard. Gurinder Kaur died as a result of
burns received by her and allegedly she was burnt by her
husband and his parents on account of failure to satisfy
their demand for dowry. The circumstances in which Gurinder
Kaur met with her unnatural death were investigated by the
Central Bureau of Investigation and a report was filed by
the Central Bureau of Investigation in the court of the
Chief Metropolitan Magistrate on 11th August, 1982 stating
that in their opinion in respect of the unnatural death of
Gurinder Kaur no offence appeared to have been committed.
The petitioner was however not aware that such a report had
been submitted by the Central Bureau of Investigation and
he, therefore, brought an application for initiating
proceedings for contempt against the Central Bureau of
Investigation on the ground that the Central Bureau of
Investigation had not completed their investigation and
submitted their report within the period stipulated by the
Court by its earlier order dated 6th May, 1983. lt was in
reply to this application for initiation of contempt
proceedings that
945
the Central Bureau of Investigation intimated that they had
already filed their report in the Court of the Chief
Metropolitan Magistrate on 11th August, 1982 and the report
was pending consideration by the Chief Metropolitan
Magistrate. When this fact was brought to our notice we
immediately passed an order dated 28th November, 1983
directing that the petitione !should be heard before any
final order was passed on the report. There was no objection
on the part of the respondents to the making of this order,
but since the question whether in cases of this kind, the
first informant or any relative of the deceased or any other
aggrieved person is entitled to be heard at the time of
consideration of the report by the Magistrate and whether
the Magistrate is bound to issue notice to any such person,
is a question of general importance which is likely to arise
frequently in criminal proceedings, we thought that it would
be desirable to finally settle this question so as to afford
guidance to the courts of magistrates all over the country
and we accordingly proceeded to hear the arguments on both
sides in regard to this question.
It is necessary to refer to a few provisions of the
Code of Criminal procedure, 1973 in order to arrive at a
proper determination of this question. Chapter XII of the
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 deals with information to
the police and their powers to investigate. Sub-section (1)
of Section 154 provides that every information relating to
the commission of a congizable offence, if given orally to
an officer-in-charge of a police station, shall be reduced
in writing by him or under his direction and be read over to
the informant and every such information, whether given in
writing or reduced to writing, shall be signed by the person
giving it and sub-section (2) of that section requires that
a copy of P such information shall be given forthwith, free
of cost, to the informant. Section 156 sub-section (1) vests
in the officer-in-charge of a police station the power to
investigate any cognizable case without the order of a
magistrate and sub-section (3) of that section authorises
the magistrate empowered under Section 190 to order an
investigation as mentioned in sub-section (1) of that
section. Section 157 sub-section (1) lays down that if, from
information received or otherwise an officer in charge of a
police station has reason to suspect the commission of an
offence which he is empowered under Section 156 to
investigate, he shall forthwith send a report of the same to
a Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of such offence
946
upon a police report and shall proceed to the spot to
investigate the facts and circumstances of the case and, if
necessary, to take measures for the discovery and arrest of
the offender. But there are of the First Information Report
lodged by him. No sooner he lodges the First Information
Report, a copy of it has to be supplied to him, free of
cost, under sub-section (2) of Section 154. If, two provisos
to this sub-section. Proviso (b) enacts that if it appears
to the officer-in-charge of a police station that there is
no sufficient ground for entering on an investigation, he
shall not investigate the case, but in such a case, sub-
section (2) of Section 157 requires that the officer shall
forthwith notify to the informant the fact that he will not
investigate the case or cause it to be investigated. What
the officer in charge of a police station is required to do
on completion of the investigation is set out in section
173. Sub-section (2)(i) of Section 173 provides that as soon
as investigation is completed, the officer in charge of a
police station shall forward to the magistrate empowered to
take cognizance of the offence on a police report, a report
in the form prescribed by the State Government setting out
various particulars including whether, in the opinion of the
officer, as offence appears to have been committed and if
so, by whom. Sub-section (2)(ii) of Section 173 states that
the officer shall also communicate, in such manner as may be
prescribed by the State Government, the action taken by him
to the person, if any, by whom the information relating to
the commission of the offence was first given. Section 190
sub-section (1) then proceeds to enact that any’ magistrate
of the first class and any magistrate of the second class
specially empowered in this behalf under sub-section (2) may
take cognizance of any offence: (a) upon receiving a
complaint of facts which constitute such offence or (b) upon
a police report of such facts or (c) upon information
received from any person other than a police officer, or
upon his own knowledge, that such offence has been
committed. We are concerned in this case only with clause
(b), because the question we are examining here is whether
the magistrate is bound to issue notice to the first
informant or to the injured or to any relative of the
deceased when he is considering the police report submitted
under section 173 sub-section (2).
It will be seen from the provisions to which we have
referred in the preceding paragraph that when an informant
lodges the First Information Report with the officer-in-
charge of a police
947
station he does not fade away with the lodging of the First
Information Report. He is very much concerned with what
action is initiated by the officer in charge of the police
station on the basis of the First Information Report lodged
by him. On sooner he lodges the First Information Report, a
copy of it has to be supplied him, free of cost, under sub-
section (2) of Section 154. if. notwithstanding the First
Information Report, the officer-in-charge of a police
station decides not to investigate the case on the view that
there is no sufficient ground for entering on an
investigation, he is required under sub-section (2) of
Section 157 to notify to the informant the fact that he is
not going to investigate the case because it to be
investigated. Then again, the officer in charge of a police
station is obligated under sub-section(2)(ii) of Section 173
to communicate the action taken by him to the informant and
the report forwarded by him to the magistrate under sub-
section (2)(i) has therefore to be supplied by him to the
informant. The question immediately arises as to why action
taken by the officer in charge of a police station on the
First Information Report is required to be communicated and
the report forwarded to the Magistrate under sub-section
(2)(i) of Section 173 required to be supplied to the
informant. Obviously, the reason is that the informant who
sets the machinery of investigation into motion by filing
the First Information Report must know what is the result of
the investigation initiated on the basis of the First
Information Report. The informant having taken the
initiative in lodging the First Information Report with a
view to initiating investigation by the police for the
purpose of ascertaining whether any offence has been
committed and, if so, by whom, is vitally interested in the
result of the investigation and hence the law requires that
the action taken by the officer-in-charge of a police
station on the First Information Report should be
communicated to him and the report forwarded by such officer
to the Magistrate under sub-section (2)(i) of Section 173
should also be supplied to him.
Now, when the report forwarded by the officer-in charge
of a police station to the Magistrate under sub-section
(2)(i) of Section 173 comes up for consideration by the
Magistrate, one of two different situations may arise. The
report may conclude that an offence appears to have been
committed by a particular person or persons and in such a
case, the Magistrate may do one of three things: (1) he may
accept the report and take cognizance of the offence and
issue process or (2) he may disagree with the report and
948
drop the proceeding or (3) he may direct further
investigation under sub-section (3) of Section 156 and
require the police to make a further report. The report may
on the other hand state that, in the opinion of the police,
no offence apppears to have been committed and where such a
report has been made, the Magistrate again has an option to
adopt one of three courses: (1) he may accept the report and
drop the proceeding or (2) he may disagree with the report
and taking the view that there is sufficient ground for
proceeding further, take cognizance of the offence and issue
process or (3) he may direct further investigation to be
made by the police under sub-section (3) of Section 156.
Where, in either of these two situations, the Magistrate
decides to take cognizance of the offence and to issue
process, the informant is not prejudicially affected nor is
the injured or in case of death, any relative of the
deceased aggrieved, because cognizance of the offence is
taken by the Magistrate and it is decided by the Magistrate
that the case shall proceed. But if the Magistrate decides
that there is no sufficient ground for proceeding further
and drops the proceeding or takes the view that though there
is sufficient ground for proceeding against some, there is
no sufficient ground for proceeding against others mentioned
in the First Information Report, the informant would
certainly be prejudiced because the First Information Report
lodged by him would have failed of its purpose, wholly or in
part. Moreover, when the interest of the informant in prompt
and effective action being taken on the First Information
Report lodged by him is clearly recognised by the
provisions contained in sub-section (2) of Section 154, sub-
section (2) of Section 157 and sub-section (2)(ii) of
Section 173, it must be presumed that the informant would
equally be interested in seeing that the Magistrate takes
cognizance of the offence and issues process, because that
would be culmination of the First Information Report lodged
by him. There can, therefore, be no doubt that when, on a
consideration of the report made by the officer in charge of
a police station under sub-section (2)(i) of Section 173,
the Magistrate is not inclined to take cognizance of the
offence and issue process, the informant must be given an
opportunity of being heard so that he can make his
submissions to persuade the Magistrate to take cognizance of
the offence and issue process. We are accordingly of the
view that in a case where the magistrate to whom a report is
forwarded under sub-section (2)(i) of Section 173 decides
not to take cognizance of the offence and to drop the
proceeding or takes the
949
view that there is no sufficient ground for proceeding
against some of the persons mentioned in the First
Information Report, the magistrate must give notice to the
informant and provide him an opportunity to be heard at the
time of consideration of the report. It was urged before us
on behalf of the respondents that if in such a case notice
is required to be given to the informant, it might result in
unnecessary delay on account of the difficulty of effecting
service of the notice on the informant. But we do not think
this can be regarded as a valid objection against the view
we are taking, because in any case the action taken by the
police on the First Information Report has to be
communicated to the informant and a copy of the report has
to be supplied to him under sub-section (2) (i) of Section
173 if that be so, we do not see any reason why it should be
difficult to serve notice of the consideration of the report
on the informant. Moreover, in any event, the difficulty of
service of notice on the informant connot possibly provide
any justification for depriving the informant of the
opportunity of being heard at the time when the report is
considered by the Magistrate.
The position may however, be a little different when we
consider the question whether the injured person or a
relative of the deceased, who is not the informant, is
entitled to notice when the report comes up for
consideration by the Magistrate. We connot spell out either
from the provisions of the Code of Criminal procedure, 1973
or from the principles of natural justice, any obligation on
the Magistrate to issue notice lo the injured person or to a
relative of the deceased for providing such person an
opportunity to be heard at the time of consideration of the
report, unless such person is the informant who has lodged
the First Information Report. But even if such person is not
entitled to notice from the Magistrate, he can appear before
the Magistrate and make his submissions when the report is
considered by the Magistrate for the purpose of deciding
what action he should take on the report. The injured person
or any relative of the deceased, though not entitled to
notice from the Magistrate, has locus to appear before the
Magistrate at that time of consideration of the report, if
he otherwise comes to know that the report is going to be
considered by the Magistrate and if he wants to make his
submissions in regard to the report, the Magistrate is bound
to hear him. We may also observe that even though the
Magistrate is not bound to give notice of the hearing fixed
for consideration of the report
950
to the injured person or to any relative of the deceased, he
may, in the exercise of his discretion, if he so thinks fit,
give such notice to the injured person or to any particular
relative of or relatives the deceased, but not giving of
such notice will not have any invalidating effect on the
order which may be made by the Magistrate on a consideration
of the report.
This is our view in regard to the question which has
arisen for consideration before us. Since the question is
one of general importance, we would direct that copies of
this judgment shall be sent to the High Courts in all the
States so that the High Courts may in their turn circulate
this judgment amongst the Magistrates within their
respective jurisdictions.
M.L.A.
951
