PETITIONER: C.I.T. MADRAS Vs. RESPONDENT: T. V. SUNDRAM IYENGAR (P) LTD. DATE OF JUDGMENT09/04/1975 BENCH: CHANDRACHUD, Y.V. BENCH: CHANDRACHUD, Y.V. SARKARIA, RANJIT SINGH GUPTA, A.C. CITATION: 1976 AIR 255 1975 SCR 93 1976 SCC (1) 17 CITATOR INFO : F 1983 SC 420 (12) ACT: Indian Income Tax Act. 1922, s. 23 A-Scope of. HEADNOTE: Under Section 23A of the Indian income Tax Act, 1922, if in respect of any previous year the profits and gains distributed as dividends within the 12 months immediately following the expiry of that previous year are less than the statutory percentage of the total income of that previous year as reduced by the amounts mentioned in cls. (a), (b) and (c) and sub-s. (1), the Income Tax Officer shall make an order that the company shall be liable to pay super-tax at the prescribed rate on the undistributed balance of the total income of the previous year. According to Explanation 2, statutory percentage means 45 per cent of the industrial profits and 60 per cent of nonindustrial profits.The explanation further says that the said percentages should be applied separately with reference to the amounts of profits and gains attributable to the two parts of the company's business as if the said amounts were respectively the total income of the company in relation to each of its parts, the amount of dividends and taxes also being similarly apportioned for purpose of sub-s. (1). In the present case 45 per cent of the industrial profits comes to Rs. 1.51 lakhs, while 60 per cent of non-industrial profits comes to Rs. 8.43 lakhs. The company, instead of distributing a sum of Rs. 9.94 lakhs by way of dividends distributed Rs. 4.20 lakhs, equally as profits of the industrial and non-industrial activities leaving aside the profit of Rs. 13.21 lakhs. The income Tax Officer allocated the dividends declared by the company to the industrial and non-industrial segments in the same proportion as the profits of the two segments bore to the total profits of the company and levied additional super-tax under s. 23A on the entire undistributed balance of the total profits available for distribution, namely Rs. 13.21 lakhs. The Order was confirmed by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. On appeal, the Appellate Tribunal held that in so far as the profits of the industrial activity were concerned, the company must be deemed to have distributed by way of dividends out of those profits just so much,as would be equal to 45 per cent of such profits and accordingly it allocated the dividend out of industrial and non-industrial profits. On this allocation it came to the conclusion that the company having declared the statutory dividend on its industrial profits, was not liable to pay additional super- tax in so far as these profits were concerned. It, however, upheld the levy of additional super-tax on non-industrial profits. The High Court confirmed the Tribunal's view. Allowing the appeal, HELD : (1) The High Court was in error in holding that the profits of the two parts of the company's business should be treated as if they were the total income of the company for all purposes. In taking this view the High Court overlooked the concluding words of Explanation 2 by reason of which the legal fiction has to be limited to its duly appointed purpose. [106 D-E]. (2) The High Court and the Tribunal were wrong in holding in favour of the assessee. Where a company has a composite business, the first step is to ascertain the distributable profits of the two parts separately. For the purpose of finding out the minimum dividend that the company ought to have distributed, the proper statutory percentage as prescribed by Explanation 2 has to be applied separately to the distributable profits of the two parts, as if the respective profits are the total income of the company in relation to each part of its business. The composite dividend distributed by the company has then to be 94 apportioned between the two parts in the same ratio as the respective profits of the two parts bear to the toal profits of the company. [103H-104B]. (3)(a) Explanation 2 by its express terms requires that for the purpose of sub-s. (1) the amount of dividends must be "similarly apportioned". [101 E] (b) The word "similar" may generally be said to be a word of ambiguous import in the sense that the mere stipulation in a statute that something should be done similarly is insufficient by itself to signify the degree of similarity with which that thing must be done. The words "similarly apportioned" mean apportioned with reference to the amounts of profits and gain attributable to the two parts of the company's business. The Explanation first refers to an apportionment or splitting up and then provides that the dividends and taxes shalt be similarly apportioned, that is to say, similarly split up. Accordingly, the words "similarly apportioned" have a definite meaning and are not ambiguous. [101G-102 C]. (c) The word "apportion" is used in Explanation 2 in the sense of "split up" so that "similarly apportioned" means "similarly split up ". The dividends have, therefore, to be split up similarly, i.e. in the same ratio as the industrial and non-industrial profits bear to each other after the total profit is split up in two parts, industrial and non- industrial. [102D-E] ((1) An assignment as a proper portion of the dividends would mean an assignment in the same or similar ratio as the respective profits of the- two segments bear to the total profits of the company. It is not open to the company to split up and apportion the dividends to the Profits of the two segments in such a manner as it finds convenient or thinks fit. The company's freedom to apportion the dividends is conditioned by the ratio which the profits of the two segments bear to the total profits. [102 F-G] The sum of Rs. 4.20 lakhs has to be split up in the same proportion which the respective profits of the two segments bore to the total profits of the company. There is a short- fall in respect of both the segments and accordingly the company would be liable to pay additional super-tax at the rate of 37 per cent on the entire undistributed balance of the distributable profits. [102 H-103 B]. (4)(a) The language of s. 23A(1) as also of Explanation 2 is clear and distinct and does not yield to more than one reasonable interpretation. The fiction created by the Explanation is expressly limited to the purposes of sub-s. (1) and there is no justification for pursuing the fiction to its logical conclusion so as to permit it to operate beyond the limited purpose of sub-s. (1). Under the scheme contained in s. 23A where a company has a composite business it is necessary at the outset to find out the profits attributable to the two parts of its business. The statutory percentages as prescribed by Explanation 2 have then to be applied separately to the profits of the two parts. By reason of the fiction created by Explanation 2, the profits of each part have, for this purpose, and for this purpose alone, to be treated as if they were the total income of that part of the Company's business. By sub-%. (1) the company becomes liable to pay additional super-tax if the dividends distributed by it are "less than the statutory percentage of the total income". Explanation 2 creates the fiction that for the purpose of sub-s. (1) the income of the respective parts is to be regarded as the total income of each part so that the statutory percentages can be applied separately to the income of each part. The fiction operates in this limited field and is in terms created for this limited purpose. [105D-106 B]. (b) The levy of additional super-tax under s.23A(1) is a single levy. The super-tax has to be levied "on the undistributed balance of the total income of the previous year". Sub-section (1) itself clarifies that by these words is meant "total income as reduced by the amounts, if any, referred to in cls. (a), (b) or (c) and the dividends actually distributed, if any." Even if the Income Tax Officer finds that the apportioned dividend in any part of the company's business is less than the dividend that ought to have been 95 declared by application of the statutory percentage, that additional super-tax has to be levied on the whole of the undistributed profits of the company. [106 B-D]. ARGUMENTS For the appellant : 1.On a true interpretation of Section 23A(1) and Explanation 2 thereto where the company's profits liable to be distributed as dividend are composite consisting of industrial and non-industrial profits, the Income-tax Officer has first to find out profits attributable to industrial activity and profits attributable to non- industrial activity and ascertain the ratios between the industrial and non industrial profits to the total distributable profit. By the fiction created by explanation 2 he has to treat the profits in each section as if they were the total income of that section and apply the statutory percentage to find out the minimum dividend that must be declared by the company. He has then to dissect the composite dividend declared by the company and apportion the same between the dividend relating to industrial profits and dividend relating to non-industrial profits in the same ratios as the industrial profits bear to the total distributable profits and non-industrial profits bear to the total distributable profits. Thereafter, he has to find out whether the dividends so apportioned between the two parts is below the minimum distributable on the application of the statutory percentage. If he finds that the declared dividend apportioned to any part of the business is below the taxable minimum arrived at by applying the statutory percentage then the Income-tax Officer has to levy additional super tax on the entire undistributed profits, that is to say, on the distributable profits minus the total composite dividend declared by the company. 2.The levy of additional super-tax u/s. 23A(1) is a single levy and is on the undistributed profits on their entirety and, therefore, where on apportionment of the composite dividend declared by the company the industrial and non- industrial profits, the Income-tax Officer finds that the apportioned dividend in any part of the company's business is less than the dividend that ought to have been declared by application of the statutory percentage the Income-tax Officer has to levy additional super-tax on the entire undistributed profits even though in the other section of the business the declared dividend as apportioned may not be below the minimum that ought to have been distributed by the application of the statutory percentage. 3. The fiction created in clause of explanation 2 of Section 23A(1) prescribing that the amounts of profits or gains attributable to two parts of company's business should be- treated as if they were the total income of the company in relation to each of the parts is only for the purpose of applying the statutory percentage which hag to be applied to the total income to find out the dividend liable to be distributed. This fiction cannot be extended for the purpose of deeming the profits of each part as total income for the purpose and levy of additional super-tax as if there were as man total income as there were parts of business profits. 4. Even on the interpretation put 'by the High Court and the opinion given by it on the question referred to u/s. 66(2) of the Income-tax Act, 1922, the Income-tax Officer would be justified in levying additional super-tax on the entire distributed profit of Rs. 13,21,174 or atleast on Rs. 12,36,196 which is the amount of non-industrial profits minus the balance of the declared dividend attributable to non industrial profits i.e. Rs. 14,05,310 minus Rs. 2,69,114. For the respondent Section 23A of the Income-tax Act was recast by the Finance Act II of 1957 with effect from 1-4-1957. It is this amended section that is applicable to the case under consideration as it relates to the assessment year 1957-58. 96 The scope of Explanation 2 would appear to require the following step& to be taken in order to find out whether s. 23A(1) is applicable in the case of a company whose profits consist partly of industrial activity and partly of non- industrial activity. (i) Ascertain the profits relating to each part separately when the company's business consists of partly in manufacture and partly of other activities. (ii) Treat the profit of each part as the total income of the company (in order to find out whether the dividend distributed is less than the statutory percentage). (iii) Apportion the taxes relating to each part and deduct such tax from the profits of that of the company's business. Arrive at the balance of income by deducting the amount covered by item (3) from the amount covered by item (2). (iv) Apply the statutory percentage of either 45 per cent or 60 per cent on the balance of income arrived at. (v) Find out whether the dividend distributed and apportioned to each part is less than the statutory percentage. (vi) If the dividend distributed is less than the statutory percentage, then on the undistributed balance of income of each part less the taxes specified in sub-section (1) and dividend apportioned to this part, additional super-tax to be levied at 37 per cent. The expression 'similar' is an ambiguous word. The word apportionment split up. So long as the apportionment is made with the desire to, act as fairly and justly as possible by all parties no uniform mode of apportionment is necessary. In the light of this the assessee company has apportioned the dividend in accordance with the law. There is no other method. of apportionment indicated in the explanation. Section 23A(1) is not applicable to that party of the company's profits relating to manufacture. If he follows the provisions of explanation 2 the Income-tax Officer cannot be said to be satisfied that the dividend distributed relating to this part of the company's business is less than the statutory percentage. The contention of the Revenue on the other hand is that the dividend should be apportioned in the same proportion in which the industrial profits and non-industrial profits bear to the total income of the company less the taxes specified in cls. (a), (b) and (c) of s. 23A(1). It is undeniable that the words used in the latter part of the explanation are ambiguous. They are capable of more meaning than one. The interpretation contended for by the revenue leads to anamolous results. In the circumstances, the construction which favors the assessee and saves it from the penal consequences deserved to be adopted. JUDGMENT:
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 1392-93 of
1970.
From the judgment and order dated the 23rd January, 1969 of
the Madras High Court in Tax Cases No. 116 of 1965 and 190
of 1967, Reference No. 48 of 1965 and 72 of 1967.
D. N. Kharkhanis and S. P. Navar, for the appellant.
S. Swaminathan and S. Gopalakrishnan, for respondent.
97
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
CHANDRACHUD, J.-These appeals by certificate granted by the
High Court of Madras under section 66A(2) of the Income-tax
Act, 1922 arise out of a common judgment dated January 23,
1969 delivered by the High Court in Tax Cases Nos. 116 of
1965 and 190 of 1967. Tax Case No. 116 of 1965 arose out of
the reference made by the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal
under section 66(1) of the Act while Tax Case No. 190 of
1967 arose out a reference made by the Tribunal in pursuance
of an order made by the High Court under section 66(2) of
the, Act. The question which arises for consideration in
these appeals is whether under section 23A of the Act, the
assessee-company is liable to pay additional super-tax in
respect of any portion of its profits.
Section 23A of the Act of 1922, in so far as material read
thus at the relevant time :
“23A. (1) Where the Income-tax Officer is
satisfied that in respect of any previous year
the profits and gains distributed as dividends
by any company within the twelve months
immediately following the expiry of that
previous year are less than the statutory
percentage of the total income of the company
of that previous year as reduced by-(a) the amount of income-tax and super-tax
payable by the company in respect of its total
income, but excluding the amount of any.
super-tax payable under this section ;(b) the amount of any other tax levied under
any law for the time being in force on the
company by the Government or by a local
authority in excess of the amount, if any,
which has been allowed in computing the total
income ; and(c) in the case of a banking company, the
amount actually transferred to a reserve fund
under section 17 of the Banking Companies Act,
1949 ;the Income-tax Officer shall, unless be is
satisfied that, having regard to the losses
incurred by the company in earlier years or to
the smallness of the profits made in the
previous year, the payment of a dividend or a
larger dividend than that declared would be
unreasonable, make an order in writing that
the company shall, apart from the sum
determined as payable by it on the basis of
the assessment under section 23, be liable to
pay super-tax at the rate of fifty per cent in
the case of a company whose business consists
wbolly or mainly in the dealing in or holding
of investments, and at the rate of thirty
seven per cent in the case of any other
company on the undistributed balance of the
total income, of the previous
98
year, that is to say, on the total income as
reduced by the amounts, if any, referred to in
clause (a), clause (b) or clause (c) and the
dividends actually distributed, if any.x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Explanation 2.-For the purposes of this section'. statutory percentage means,-(i) In the case of a company whose business
consists wholly or mainly in the deali
ng in or
holding of investments .. .. ..
100%(ii) In the case of an Indian company whose
business consists wholly in the manufacture or
processing of goods or in mining or in the
generation or distribution of electricity or
any other from of power
45%(iii) In the case of an Indian
company a part only of whose business
consists in any of the activities specified in
clause (ii)-(a)in relation to the said part of the company's business 45%(b) in relation to the remaining part of the
company ‘s business–(1) if it is a company which satisfies the
conditions specified in sub-clause (a) of clause (iv) 90% (2) in any other case 60% the said percentages being appliedseparately with reference to the amounts of
profits and gains attributable to the two
parts of the company’s business aforesaid as
if the said amounts were respectively the
total income of the company in relation to
each of its parts, the amount of dividends and
taxes also being similarly apportioned for the
purposes of subsection
x x x x
For the assessment year 1957-59 relevant to the previous
year ended December 31, 1956 the company was assessed to
additional super-tax under the aforesaid provision. The
business of the company consists partly in, the manufacture
or processing of goods and partly
99
of an activity of a non-industrial nature. Out of a total
income A of Rs. 37,98,774 the profits of the company
available for distribution came to Rs. 17,41,814 out of
which Rs. 3,36,504’represented industrial profits and Rs.
14,05,310 represented non-industrial profits. The company
distributed by way of dividends a sum of Rs. 4,20,640 only,
claiming that the dividend was declared equally out of the
profits of the industrial and non-industrial activities.
Thus, the profits which were available for distribution but
which were not distributed came to Rs. 13,21,174.
The Income-tax Officer, while making the assessment,
allocated the dividends declared by the company to the
industrial and nonindustrial segments in the same proportion
as the profits of the two segments bore to the total profits
of the company. By this method, out of the total dividend
of Rs. 4,20 640 declared by the company, a sum of Rs. 81,264
was treated as dividends declared out of industrial profits
while a sum of Rs., 3,39,376 was treated as dividends
declared out of non-industrial profits. Holding that under
section 23A, the company was liable to distribute by way of
dividends a sum of Rs. 1,51,426 out of industrial profits
and a sum of Rs. 8,43,186 out of non-industrial profits, the
Income-tax Officer levied additional super-tax on the
entirety of the undistributed balance of the total income,
that is to say, on Rs. 13,21,174.
The Appellate Assistant Commissioner having rejected the
appeal, the company carried the matter in a further appeal
to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Madras Bench,
contending that it had declared dividends utilising the
industrial and non-industrial profits equally and since the
dividends thus declared out of industrial profits exceeded
the statutory percentage of the minimum distributable
dividend as provided in section 23A, the levy of additional
super-tax on the industrial profits was unjustified. On the
other hand, it was submitted on behalf of tie Department of
section 23A, to be apportioned in the same for the purposes
of section 23A, to be apportioned in the same ratio in which
the profits themselves were apportioned between industrial
and non-industrial activities. The Tribunal rejected the
method canvassed by the Department as “a Rule of thumb” but
then it also rejected the method adopted by the company of
allocating the declared dividend half and half to the
profits of the two segments. Having rejected both the
methods, the. Tribunal held that in so far as profits of
the industrial activity were concerned, the company must be
deemed to have distributed by way of dividends out of those
profits just so much, neither more nor less-, as would be
equal to 45 per cent of such profits. Accordingly, the
Tribunal allocated a sum of Rs. 1,51,426 as dividends out of
industrial profits and the balance, namely, Rs. 2,69,214 as
dividends out of non-industrial profits. On this allocation
the Tribunal came to the conclusion that the company, having
declared the statutory dividend on its industrial profits,
was not liable to pay additional super-tax in so far as
those profits were concerned. It, however , upheld the levy
of additional super-tax on nonindustrial profits.
100
Under section 66(1) of the Act, the Tribunal referred
the following question for the opinion of the High Court
(1) “Whether on the facts and in the
circumstances of the case, Tribunal was right
in holding that the assessee company was
not liable to. the additional super-tax under
sec. 23A in respect of the assessee’s
industrial profits for the assessment year
1957,58”.
Under section 66(2) of the Act the Tribunal
referred to the High, Court the following
question
(2) “Whether on the facts and in the
circumstances of the case, the Tribunal is
right in holding that additional supertax is
not leviable under sec- 23A of the Act, in
respect of any portion of the profits of the
assessee company for the assessment year 1957-
58.”
The second question on which the High Court called for a
reference may seem to suggest that under the judgment of the
Tribunal the Company as heldi not liable to pay additional
super-tax in respect of an portion of its profits. That
is not so. The Tribunal held that the Company was not
liable to pay additional super-tax on its in-dustrial
profits but was liable to pay it on non-industrial profits.
The High Court confirmed the Tribunal’s view. It held that
there was no justification in Explanation 2 for the
apportionment of dividends in the ratio which the industrial
profits bear to nonindustrial profits, that it was open to
the asssee to apportion the dividends in such a way as to
conform to the requirements of section 23A in respect of one
of the two segments of its business and that the profits of
the other segment only would attract the incidence of
additional super-tax. The High Court demonstrated the
absurdity of the contrary view with the help of a
hypothetical illustration.
We are concerned in this appeal with the true construction
of section 23A as recast by Finance Act 2 of 1957. The
section, in so far, as relevant, is extracted above. It
has no application to companies in which the public are
substantially interested. The section provides for levy of
additional super-tax at 50 per cent in the case of a company
whose business consists wholly or mainly in the dealing in
or holding of investments and at 37 per cent in the case of
any other company. The additional super-tax is leviable if
in respect of any previous year the profits and gains
distributed as dividends within the 12 months immediately
following the expiry of that previous year are less than the
statutory percentage of the total income of the previous
year as reduced by the amounts mentioned in clauses (a), (b)
and (c) of sub-section (1). The additional super-tax, which
in the instant case would be 37 per cent, is payable on the
undistributed balance of the total income of the previous
year.By ‘undistributed balance of the total income’
is meant the total income as reduced by the amounts, if any,
referred to in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of sub-section (1)
and the dividends actually distributed if any.
101
By Explanation 2, ‘statutory percentage’ means for the
present purpose, 45 per cent of industrial profits and 60
per cent of nonindustrial profits. These percentages have
to be applied separately to the profits of the two segments
as if those profits were respectively the total income of
the company in relation to each segment of its business.
The dividends and taxes have also to be ‘similarly
apportioned’, for the purposes of sub-section (1).
Two questions arise for decision : (1) Whether the dividends
distributed by the Company have to be apportioned as between
the profits of the industrial and non-industrial segments of
its business in the same proportion as the respective
profits bear to the total profits of the Company ; and (2)
Whether, if on apportionment, the dividend apportionment to
one of the two segments is found to be less than the
statutory percentage in respect of that segment, the
additional super-tax is leviable on the entire balance of
the Company’s undistributed profits or whether it is
leviable on the balance of undistributed profits of that
segment only in respect of which the short-fall has
occurred. The second question may not strictly arise if on
the first question it is found that the dividend
apportionable to the two segments is less than the statutory
percentage in respect of both the segments. All the same,
it would be necessary to examine that question also as the
High Court has held that the liability to pay the additional
-super-tax must be restricted to the undistributed profits
of that segment only, in respect of which the default has
occurred.
On the first question, the language of Explanation 2 is
clear and admits of no doubt or difficulty. It requires by
its express terms that for the purposes of sub-section (1),
the amount of dividends must be “similarly apportioned”.
But, counsel for the respondent urged that since the
Explanation does not refer to any apportionment at all, the
words “similarly apportioned” cannot be ascribed any
rational meaning and it would therefore be open to the
company to apportion the dividends 50 : 50 to the profits of
the two segments. Relying on “Words and Phrases Legally
Defined” by Saunders, Vol, V, p. 79 where it is stated that
the word ‘similar’ is an ambiguous word, it was submitted
that the benefit of an ambiguity in a taxing statute must go
to the assessee and accordingly, the company would be free
to make a convenient apportionment of dividends so as to
attract the least incidence of the additional super-tax.
Counsel also relied on Burrow’s “Words and Phrases”, Vol.
1, p. 217, where it is said that so long as the
apportionment is made with the desire to act as fairly and
justly as possible by all parties, no uniform mode of
apportionment is necessary.
The word ‘similar’ may be said to be a word of ambiguous
import in the sense that the mere stipulation in a statute
that something should be done similarly is insufficient by
itself to signify the degree of similarity with which that
thing must be done. A thing can be done similarly without
its being a slavish copy of the model. But Explanation 2
indicates with meticulous particularity, how similarly
dividends and taxes must be apportioned, When it says that
they must be “similarly apportioned”, the reference
obviously is to the apportionment which is
102
spoken of earlier in the Explanation. After specifying what
particular percentages shall constitute the statutory
percentage for the purposes of section 23A, Explanation 2
provides that the said percentages, shall be applied
separately “with reference to the amounts of profits and
gains attributable to the two parts of the company’s
business.” The words “similarly apportioned” which
thereafter occur in the Explanation mean apportioned “with
reference to the amounts of profits and gains attributable
to the two parts of the company’s business”. Thus, the
Explanation first refers to an apportionment or splitting up
and then provides that the dividends and taxes shall be
similarly apportioned, that is to say, similarly split up.
Accordingly, the words “similarly apportioned” convey a
definite meaning and are not ambiguous.
It is urged that the division of total profits of a company
into industrial and non-industrial profits cannot be the
result of any apportionment properly so-called but must
conform to the company’s books of account and therefore,
Explanation 2 cannot be said to refer to any apportionment
before speaking of the dividends and taxes being “similarly
apportioned”. This argument reads too much in the word
‘apportioned’. That word is used in Explanation 2 in the
sense of ‘split up’, so that ‘similarly apportioned’ means
simply ” similarly split-up. The dividends have therefore
to be split up similarly, that is, in the same ratio as to
industrial and non-industrial profits bear to each other
after the total profit is split up in two parts, industrial
and nonindustrial. According to Burrow’s Words and Phrases,
Vol. 1. p. 217, to ‘apportion’ means ‘to split up’.
It is therefore impossible to accept the respondent’s
contention that though Explanation 2 requires that dividends
should be similarly apportioned, it would be open to the
company to make any convenient division of the dividends
distributed by it. According to the Shorter Oxford English
Dictionary, 3rd Ed., Vol. 1, p. 87, to ‘apportion’ is ‘to
assign as a proper portion’.
An assignment as a proper portion of the dividends would
mean an assignment in the same or similar ratio as the
respective profits of the two segments bear to the total
profits of the company. It is thus not open to the company
to split up and apportion the dividends to the profits of
the two segments in such manner as it finds convenient or
thinks fit. The company’s freedom to apportion the
dividends is conditioned by the ratio which the profits of
the two segments bear to the total profits.
The total distributable profits of the company came to Rs.
17,41,814 out of which the industrial profits are Rs.
3,36,504 and the non-industrial profits are Rs. 14,05,310.
Forty-five per cent of the industrial profits comes to Rs.
1,51,426 while 60 per cent of the non-industrial profits
comes to Rs. 8,43,186. The company therefore ought to have
distributed a sum of Rs. 9,94,612 by way of dividends
whereas it distributed a sum of Rs. 4,20,640 only. This sum
of Rs. 4,20,640 has to be split up in the same proportion
which
103
the respective profits of the two segments bear to the total
profits of the company. That is to say, a sum of Rs. 81,264
from out of the total dividends distributed is apportionable
to the industrial profits while a sum of Rs. 3,39,376 is
apportionable to the non-industrial profits. There is thus
a short-fall in respect of both the segments and accordingly
the company would be liable to pay the additional supertax
at the rate of 37 per cent on the entire undistributed
balance of distributable profits.
The hypothetical illustration which was cited before the
Income-tax Officer and which is relied upon by the High
Court may at the highest, if its fundamental premise is
true, show that the interpretation canvassed by the Revenue
may conceivably work out injustice.But if the language of
the statute is clear and unambiguous, and if two
interpretations are not reasonably possible, it would be
wrong to discard the plain meaning of the words used in
order to meet a possible injustice. Besides, the
illustration only assumes an injustice and therefore its
fundamental premise is wrong. The distributable profits of
the hypothetical company are said to be Rs. 1,00,000 out of
which Rs. 30,000 are industrial and Rs. 70,000 non-
industrial profits. Applying the statutory percentage of 45
and 60 per cent respectively, the company must distribute by
way of dividends Rs. 13,500 plus Rs. 42,000, that is, Rs.
55,500. The High Court says that even if the company
distributes Rs. 55,500 by way of dividends, apportioning Rs.
13,500 to industrial profits and Rs. 42,000 to nonindustrial
profits, it would violate section 23A because, if the sum of
Rs. 55,500 is to be apportioned in the same ratio which the
profits of the two segments bear, a sum of Rs. 16,650 will
be apportionable to industrial profits and Rs. 38,850 to
non-industrial profits. The fallacy of this illustration
consists in its overlooking that if the company is liable to
distribute Rs. 55,500 by way of dividends and it does
distribute that, sum, there is no violation of section 23A.
That section applies only if “profits and gains distributed
as dividends …. are less than the statutory percentage of
the total income …. as reduced. . . . ”
If the dividends have to be apportioned in the ratio of
profits of the two segments, the taxes have also to be
similarly apportioned for Explanation 2 speaks of “the
amount of dividends and taxes also being similarly
apportioned”. A “similar” apportionment of taxes, it is
urged by the respondent, may in practice lead to impossible
and unreal situations since the taxes on the profits of the
two segments may be unequal as in the case of a newly
established industrial undertaking which, in respect of its
industrial income, may enjoy a tax concession. There is no
merit in this contention. The method specified in section
23A has to be worked out according to its scheme and it is
no answer to the obligation to apportion the dividends and
taxes, that taxes levied on the profits of the two segments
are unequal or are leviable on a different basis.
Thus, the High Court and the Tribunal were wrong in holding
in favour of the assessee on the first of the two questions
which we have framed for consideration. Where a company has
a composite
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business, as for example industrial and non-industrial
business, the first step is to ascertain the distributable
profits of the two parts separately. For the purpose of
finding out the minimum divided that the company ought to-
have distributed, the proper statutory percentage as
prescribed by Explanation 2 has to be applied separately to
the distributable profits of the two parts, as if the
respective profits are the total income of the company in
relation to each part of its business. The composite
dividend distributed by the company has then to be
apportioned between the two parts in the same ratio as the
respective profits of the two parts bear to the total
profits of the company.
We have shown that in the instant case the dividend
apportionable between the two parts of the company’s
business is less than the statutory percentage in respect of
both the parts. The High Court, like the Tribunal, gave to
the company the choice to allocate the dividend suitably to
the two parts and held on such allocation that since the
default had occurred in respect of the profits of the non-
industrial part only, the company would be liable to pay the
additional super-tax on the undistributed balance of the
non-industrial profits only. The second question which we
propose to consider, though it does not arise on our
findings, is whether the company is liable to pay additional
super-tax on the undistributed balance of non-industrial
profits only or whether it is liable to pay the additional
super-tax on the entire undistributed balance of its
distributable profits. We have heard a full argument on
this question and if we did not decide it the view of the
High Court is likely to cause misunderstanding.
As observed by Chagla C. J. in Sir Kasturchand Ltd. v.
Commissioner of Incoem-tax, Bombay City,(1) section 23A was
enacted in terrorem against private companies. The object
of the section is to prevent evasion of super-tax by the
shareholders of a company in which the public are not
substantially interested. The shareholders of a private
company could avoid the high incidence of super-tax by
allowing the profits of the company to accumulate in its
hands so that the accumulated profits could be distributed
eventually in the form of bonus shares which are not
assessable as income in their hands.
In considering whether the company is liable to pay
additional super-tax on the entire balance of distributable
profits, it has to be borne in mind that section 23A is
clearly penal in nature ; for, in circumstances mentioned
therein, if a private company fails to distribute by way of
dividends the statutory percentage of its distributable
profits, it becomes liable to pay, apart from the sum deter-
mined as payable by it on the basis of the assessment under
section 23, super-tax at 50 per cent or 37 per cent as the
case may be, on the undistributed balance of its
distributable profits. In the first place, this provision
being penal, the burden would lie on the revenue to prove
that the conditions laid down by the section are
satisfied.(2)
(1) 17 I. T. R. 493, of 495 and 496.
(2) Commissioner of Income-tax, West-Bengal v. Gangadhar
Banerjee & Co.(p) Ltd., 57 I.T.R. 176, 184.
105
Secondly, penal statutes have to be construed strictly in
the sense that if there is a reasonable interpretation which
will avoid the penalty, that interpretation ought to be
adopted : “When the legislature imposes a penalty, the words
imposing it must be clear and distinct”.(1)
It is contended on behalf of the respondent that the
language of section 23A (1) read with Explanation 2 is
ambiguous and therefore the court ought to adopt the
interpretation which favorites the assessee, more
particularly because the relevant provisions provide for the
imposition of a penalty. In this behalf, learned counsel
for the respondent relied strongly on the provision
contained in Explanation 2 by which the statutory
percentages are required to be applied separately with
reference to the amounts of profits and gains attributable
to the two parts of the company’s business, “as if the said
amounts were respectively the total income of the company in
relation to each of its parts”. It is urged that the
fiction created by Explanation 2 must be given its full
effect and that it must be carried to its logical con-
clusion. As the distributable profits of the two parts are
to be deemed to be the total income of the company in
relation to each ,of those parts, the penalty, according to
the respondent, can be imposed on that part of the income
only in respect of which the default has occurred.
It is impossible to accept this contention. If two
interpretations of the relevant provisions were reasonably
possible, we would have readily accepted that interpretation
which favours the assessee. But the language of sub-section
(1) of section 23A as also of Explanation 2 is clear and
distinct and does not yield to more than one reasonable
interpretation. Sub-section (1) provides that if the
dividends distributed by a company are less than the
statutory percentage of the “total income” of the company as
reduced by the amounts mentioned in clauses (a), (b) and
(c), the Income-tax Officer shall make an order that the
company shall be liable to pay additional super-tax at the
prescribed rates “on the undistributed balance of the total
income of the previous year”, that is to say on the total
income as reduced by the amounts referred to in clauses (a),
(b) and (e) and the dividends actually distributed.
Explanation 2 clarifies what is meant by “statutory
percentage” and provides that the prescribed percentages
should be applied separately with reference to the amounts
of profits and gains attributable to the two parts of the
company’s business, “as if the said amounts were
respectively the total income of the company in relation to
each of its parts……. for the purposes of sub-section
(1)”. The fiction created by the Explanation is thus
expressly limited to the purposes of sub-section (1) and
there is no justification for pursuing the fiction to its
logical conclusion so As to permit it to operate beyond the
limited purpose of sub-section (1). Under the scheme
contained in section 23A, where a company has a composite
business it is necessary at the outset to find out the
profits attributable to the two parts of its busi-
(1) Willis v. Thorp (1875) L.R. 10 Q.B. 383, 386, gee also
Craies in Statute Law, Sixth Ed., p, 529-530.
106
ness. The statutory percentages a prescribed by Explanation
2 have then to be applied separately to the profits of the
two parts. By reason of the fiction created by Explanation
2 the profits of each part have for this purpose, and this
purpose alone, to be treated as if they were the total
income of that part of the company’s business. By sub-
section 1, the company becomes liable to pay additional
super-tax if the dividends distributed by it are “less than
the statutory percentage of the total income”. Explanation
2 creates the fiction that for the purposes of sub-section
1, the income of the respective parts is to be regarded as
the total income of each part so that the statutory
percentages can be applied separately to the income of each
part. The fiction operates in this limited field and is in
terms created for this limited purpose.
The levy of additional super-tax under section 23A (1) is a
single levy. The super-tax has to be levied “on the
undistributed balance of the total income of the previous
year”. Sub-section (1) itself clarifies that by these words
is meant “total income as reduced by the amounts, if any,
referred to in clause (a), clause (b) or clause (c) and the
dividends actually distributed, if any”. The additional
super-tax has therefore to be levied on the entire
undistributed balance of the net income of the company. In
other words, even if the Income-tax Officer finds that the
apportioned dividend in any part of the company’s business
is less than the dividend that ought to have been declared
by application of the statutory percentage, the additional
supertax has to be levied on the whole of the undistributed
profits of the company. The High Court was therefore in
error in holding that the profits of the two parts of the
company’s business should be treated as if they were the
total income of the company for all purposes. In taking
this view, the High Court overlooked the concluding words of
Explanation 2 by reason of which the legal fiction has to be
limited to its duly appointed purpose.
In the result we set aside the order of the High Court and
allow the appeal with costs.
Appeal allowed.
P.B.R.
107