* IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI, AT NEW DELHI
Reserved on :10.08.2011
Decided on : 13.09.2011
+ CRL.APPEAL NOS.40/1998, 292/1998, 405/1997, 407/1997 & 424/1999
CRL.A. 40/1998
HARVINDER PAL SAINI ..... Appellant
versus
STATE ..... Respondent
CRL.A. 292/1998
STATE ….. Appellant
versus
SANJAY @ SANJU ….. Respondent
CRL.A. 405/1997
AMRISH CHOUDHARY ….. Appellant
versus
STATE ….. Respondent
CRL.A. 407/1997
STATE ….. Appellant
versus
NASEEM AHMED @ RAJA & ORS ….. Respondents
CRL.A. 424/1999
NASEEM AHMED ….. Appellant
versus
STATE ….. Respondent
Present: Ms. Aishwarya Rao, counsel for appellant in Crl. A.405/1997
and for respondent in Crl. A.292/1998.
Mr. Sanjay Ghosh, Amicus for appellant in Crl. A. 40/1998 and for respondent
in Crl.A. 407/1997.
Mr. Rahul Sharma, Advocate for appellant in Crl. A. 424/1999 and for
respondent in Crl. A.407/1997.
Mr. Pawan Sharma, Standing Counsel (Crl.) along with Sh. Harsh Prabhakar, Advocate,
on behalf of the State.
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 1
CORAM:
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE S. RAVINDRA BHAT
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE G. P. MITTAL
1. Whether reporters of local papers may be
allowed to see the Order? Yes
2. To be referred to the Reporter or not? Yes
3. Whether the Order should be reported
in the Digest? Yes
Mr. Justice S. Ravindra Bhat
%
1. This judgment will dispose of four appeals, directed against a judgment and order of the
learned Additional Sessions Judge, Delhi, dated 23.07.1997 and 31.07.1997, in SC No.54/96
(“impugned judgment”) handing down conviction and sentence for offences punishable under
Section 396/34 read with Section 411, IPC. The convicted Appellants, who impugn that
judgment, are hereafter referred to by their names, i.e. Amrish, Harvinder and Naseem Ahmed.
The State has preferred two appeals, in one questioning the sentence, seeking its enhancement to
death penalty; in the other, it has impugned the acquittal of two co-accused Sanjay and Krishan
Lal.
2. The prosecution case, briefly is that on 25.12.1987, at about 6.45 PM Sh. Lekh Raj
Luthra (P.W.5), along with his wife Smt. Prem Kumar (PW 3) and daughter Bindu Luthra (PW-
1) was watching T.V. in the drawing room of Flat No. 5/610, Lodhi Colony, New Delhi. The
door bell of the flat rang. Bindu PW-1 opened the back door and saw four boys standing; she
asked them the reason. They told her that they wanted to meet her brother, Sunil Luthra (the
deceased), who was an Advocate. PW-1 asked the boys to wait for a minute; she shut the back
entrance and went to the drawing room where her parents were sitting, told her father PW-5 that
the four boys had come there to see Sunil Luthra. Thereafter, Bindu opened the front door and
asked the boys, the purpose for which they were to meet Sunil. One of them replied that they
wanted to talk to Sunil in connection with a case. Bindu told them that Sunil was away to the
market and that he would be back within 10 minutes and asked them to wait, inviting them to sit
on the Sofa lying in the Veranda. They sat on the sofa and immediately got up and told Bindu
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 2
that they would be back within 10 minutes. While moving towards the main door, they took out
their pistols and one of them placed the pistol on her (Bindu‟s) temple i.e. Kanpati and asked her
to keep quiet and commanded her to move towards the drawing room. All the four boys went
into the drawing room. One of them pointed the pistol at her father and another towards her
mother. She gestured to her father to remain quiet; but her mother could not resist and she asked,
addressing them as “betas”, as to what they wanted. One of them said that they would not leave
Sunil alive. In the meantime, another person, armed with a knife, entered the bed room. He
pulled down the attachés lying over the Almirah and started scattering the articles in it. In the
meantime, on the sound of Sunil‟s car PW 5 ran towards the main entrance and shouted to Sunil
Luthra that he should not come upstairs. But Sunil went upstairs, out of curiosity to see what
was the matter. As soon as Sunil entered the door all the four persons with pistols surrounded
him; the one armed with the knife gave knife blows, some on his chest and some on the
abdomen, of Sunil. In the scuffle Lekh Raj Luthra, attempted to save his son Sunil; he succeeded
in apprehending one accused. Before he could catch him, that accused hit him on his hand with
some object. All these witnesses raised an alarm. The accused attempted to run away. One of
them i.e. Nassem Ahmed was caught on the stairs by Lekh Raj P.W.5. Immediately, after the
incident, Bindu telephoned control room No.100 twice. The police constable reached there.
Naseem was handed over to the police by Lekh Raj Luthra. A taxi was immediately called; Lekh
Raj Luthra took deceased Sunil to the hospital. Bindu also telephoned her father‟s friend namely
Sh. Ashok Chand Sikka PW-6 and Sh. Govil (PW.22) Sh. Govil arrived and accompanied Sh.
Lekh Raj Luthra to the Hospital. The police alleged that after receiving information, their
officials arrived at the spot, recorded the statement of Bindu (Ex. PW-1/A), took seized articles,
handkerchief, and other objects. They also took into custody Naseem Ahmed.
3. It was alleged that Naseem Ahmed was arrested on 26.12.1987, and the shirt worn by him
was recovered by seizure memo Ex. PW-5/C. It was alleged that in the morning of 26.12.1997
Naseem made the disclosure statement Ex. PW 4/E in which, claimed the State, Naseem stated
about a plan with his associates, Harvidner Pal alias Vijay Saini alias Pappi, a taxi driver, Sanjay
Kumar alias Raja, Amrish Chaudhary, alias Amit, Shrab alias Shaboo to wreck revenge on Sunil
Luthra and to kill him. This plan was hatched at Parade Ground Dehradun in a tea shop. Vijay
Anand had assured, payment of Rs.500/- to each one of them for going to Delhi and returning
back. About 8 to 10 days, prior to the date of occurrence, he along with Vijay Anand, Sohrab
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 3
Alias Shaboo and Shiv had arrived at Delhi at House No. 3506, Arjun Gali, Paharganj. As they
could not succeed in this plan they returned. It was also alleged that according to the disclosure,
on 23.12.87 in the night he (Naseem) along with Vijay Anand, Amit, Shiv and Sanjay arrived in
Delhi as per program and stayed at Avtar Hotel; they were given the site plan of Sunil‟s house.
In accordance with this plan, he along with Sanjay, Vijay Anand, Shiv – all armed with pistols-
and Amit armed with knife, reached House No.610. As soon as Sunil entered the house, Vijay
Anand fired but there was no shot. Then Amit attacked Sunil and his father with a knife. In the
scuffle and noise, Sunil‟s father caught hold of him and handed him over to the police. He stated
that he was later arrested from Dehradun and Bijnoor. He volunteered to get the pistol which
they were armed with, recovered. It was also disclosed that there was enmity between Vijay
Anand and Sunil Luthra.
4. The prosecution story was that further to this disclosure, on 26.12.1987 Naseem led the
police party to Avtar Hotel, Paharganj and pointed out Room No. 103. which was locked. Police
enquiries revealed that Naseem‟s associates had locked the room at about 3 PM on 25.12.1987
and had not returned. The police party returned, leaving constable Dhanush Kumar to keep a
watch on Room No.103. It was alleged that the police party, on 05.01.1988, went to the Avtar
Hotel at about 9 AM. On the pointing of Naseem accused Sanjay and Amrish were arrested
while they were standing on the reception counter of the hotel. Their personal search memos Ex.
PW 7/A and B were prepared. Thereafter, search was made of the room in Avtar Hotel where
they had stayed. From there some stolen articles of dacoity committed at Tagore Garden and
belongings of the accused were recovered. In all 74 items, by Ext. PW-7/C were taken into
possession. The hotel register extracts were taken into possession as Memo Ex. PW-9/8. Since
accused Sanjay and Amrish had fled from the spot and their identification parade was to be held,
their faces were muffled. The accused were then taken to Patiala House Court on 05.01.1988.
An application Ex. P.W.8/ for holding T.I.P. was made in respect of accused Sanjay, Armirsh, to
Smt. Sangeeta Chopra, Metropolitan Magistrate, which was assigned to Sh. D.S. Punia,
Metropolitan Magistrate, for T.I.P on 09.01.1988. Since 09.01.1988 was holiday, the T.I.P. was
advanced to 08.01.1988. It was then post-poned to 11.01.1988; that day, the T.I.P proceedings
were held. Amrish and Sanjay refused to participate in the T.I.P. The statement of Sanjay Ex.
PW-8/D and that of Amrish Ex. PW-8/E were recorded by the Metropolitan Magistrate regarding
the refusal to join in the T.I.P. As a consequence of their refusal to participate in the T.I.P
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 4
application for their police remand was made to the Magistrate, which was granted till
18.01.1988.
5. It was alleged that during police remand, on 13.01.1988, Sanjay and Amrish were taken
to the spot of crime where they were identified by Bindu, Prem Luthra and Lekh Raj Luthra. The
accused also made disclosure statement Ex. PW21/A and B. In pursuance to the disclosure
statement, Sanjay and Amrish led the police party to the Railway Colony, in Lodhi Colony.
Amrish took the police party to the bushes across the Ganda Nala from where, he took out a
knife, the sketch of which Ex. P.W21/D was prepared. It is claimed by the State that
subsequently information was received that accused Harvinder had surrendered before the D.C.P.
head quarters. As a consequence Sh. J.P. Sharma, ASI along with SI Harvinder Dev, constable
Vejinder, Dhanush, and accused Sanjay and Amrish, reached the police head quarters. Sh. J.P.
Sharma, SI went to the 5th floor of the Police head quarter into Inspector Yadav‟s room where
the accused Harvinder was sitting alone. Harvinder was interrogated by the police. It is claimed
that accused pointed out the place where he had kept his belongings viz the brief case. A brief
case was lying near the Police HQ towards the Masjid near the bushes. The accused Harvinder
was arrested. It is alleged that he also made the disclosure statement Ex. PW-1/3. The brief case
was opened. It contained, amongst other articles, a pistol along with 21 live cartridges, the sketch
of the Pistol Ext. PW2/G was prepared. The Pistol was sealed alongwith the cartridges. After the
disclosure statement of accused Harvinder, enquiries were made regarding the where-abouts of
accused Kishan Lal. On the statement of accused Harvinder, that the accused Kishan Lal would
be available at 4 PM outside the casualty ward of LNJP Hospital, the Police party proceeded
there. A search was done near the casualty ward of the Hospital. Accused Kishan Lal went there
at about 6:40 PM. Kishan Lal was interrogated and arrested. A personal search memo of accused
Kishan Lal Ex. PW 21/C was prepared. Harvinder too was directed, after his arrest, to muffle his
face. On 14.01.1988, Harvinder along with Kishan Lal accused were produced in the Court of
Ms Sangeeta Chopra, Metropolitan Magistrate. The application was again entrusted to Sh. D.S.
Punia, Link Metropolitan Magistrate. Harvinder refused to join the T.I.P. His police remand too
was taken by the Police up till 18.01.1988. On 14.01.1988, Harvinder led the police party to the
place, where the crime was committed when he was identified by witnesses Bindu Luthra and
Lekh Raj Luthra.
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 5
6. The accused were all arraigned for the charges of having committed offences
punishable under Sections 302/ 395/396/450 read with Section 120-B IPC. Sanjay, Naseem
Amrish and Harvinder were also charged with committing offences under Sections 395/397/398
IPC. All the accused entered the plea of not guilty and claimed trial. The prosecution relied on
the testimonies of 28 witnesses, besides the exhibits produced during the trial. The Trial Court,
after considering them, convicted all the accused, except Krishan Lal and Sanjay. In the case of
Amrish, the court also convicted him additionally under Sections 25/27 Arms Act. It was held
that the prosecution conclusively proved the guilt and culpability of Amrish, as the accused who
inflicted the stab injuries on Sunil, and was able to establish the involvement of Harvinder and
Naseem (the latter having been nabbed at the spot). So far as Sanjay and Krishan Lal were
concerned, it was held that the prosecution could not establish their presence and role, in the
incident, as alleged by it.
7. Ms. Aishwarya Rao, learned amicus for the Appellant Amrish, argued that the reasons
which persuaded the Trial Court to acquit Sanjay ought to have resulted in the former‟s acquittal
and that the Trial Court fell into error in convicting him. It was submitted that all the ocular
witnesses had deposed about the role of the accused, during the trial. Yet, in the case of Sanjay,
the Court returned a finding of acquittal, whereas in Amrish‟s case, the finding was one of
conviction. In the case of Sanjay the Court rejected the recovery of a chamberless revolver from
the bushes near the nullah abutting Railway Colony, Lodhi Colony; however, in the case of
Amrish, a knife was recovered at his instance, which was believed and used as an incriminating
circumstance against him. It was submitted that the Court ought not to have returned such
varying findings on the basis of the same evidence, in respect of accused, facing charges on
identical facts.
8. It was argued that the entire prosecution version about arrest of the accused, particularly
Amrish was unbelievable. In this context, submitted counsel, the prosecution could not
substantiate its story about this aspect, i.e. the arrest on 05.01.1988, because unlike in the case of
others allegedly arrested at the behest and in the presence of PW-19, the hotel Manager, there
was no such witness. Furthermore, argued learned counsel, the Hotel Register produced as an
exhibit on the record, did not show Amrish‟s name, but that of one Amit. The prosecution did not
adduce any material to show that Amrish and Amit were the same individual. Therefore, his
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 6
involvement in the case was highly suspect, and a matter of conjecture, purely based on the
disclosure statement of Naseem, which was inadmissible during the trial.
9. It was next submitted on behalf of Amrish that the finger prints alleged to have been
lifted from the spot, and sought to be connected with him, were not sufficiently proved. It was
argued that the prosecution version about the finger prints on the iron, which was not spoken
about by any of the eyewitnesses, none of whom deposed that any of the accused had touched
any article such as an electric iron. Therefore, the prosecution story about the so-called finger
prints matching with those of Amrish cannot be accepted; the Trial Court, argued counsel, fell
into error in holding that this aspect had been proved.
10. Learned counsel submitted that the Trial Court also fell into error in accepting the
prosecution submission in regard to Amrish, that his role had been spoken about by co-accused
Naseem. It was submitted that the statement relied on was in the course of an inadmissible extra
judicial confession which could not have been part of the evidence. It was submitted that
significantly the Trial Court overlooked a vital circumstance which belied the prosecution story,
i.e. that the rukka recorded at the behest of PW-1 did not mention a knife at all – which the
prosecution stated, was used by Amrish.
11. Ms. Rao argued that the prosecution story was disbelieved as regards Sanjay, and the
benefit given to him, as well as Krishan Lal, ought to have been extended to the co-accused, who
were alleged participants of the same conspiracy. In this regard, counsel relied on the decision
reported as State of Maharastra v Kalu Shivram AIR 1980 SC 879.
12. Mr. Rahul Sharma, learned counsel appearing for the Appellant Naseem, submitted that
the Trial Court committed an error in convicting that Appellant. It was submitted by him that the
constable, whose name figured prominently in the prosecution story, was not examined. This,
according to counsel, was significant, as it could have thrown light on the prosecution version.
Counsel also stated that even though the prosecution story was that Naseem was nabbed on
25.12.1987, the day of the incident, yet he was not interrogated or questioned till 27.12.1987, at
04:00 AM. The reason for this delay was not explained which, according to the Appellant‟s
counsel, was fatal to the prosecution story.
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 7
13. Mr. Sanjoy Ghosh, learned amicus for Harvinder, submitted that the said Appellant‟s role
in the incident was not proved by the prosecution. It was argued that the statement of PW-3, the
mother of the deceased recorded by the police, under Section 161 Cr. PC, was silent about his
participation, which raised serious suspicions about the prosecution‟s credibility. It was next
submitted that the combined testimony of the eyewitnesses showed confusion about the number
of attackers who participated in the incident. On this aspect, the variations between the
statements made to the police, by PW-1 and PW-5 and their depositions were highlighted. It was
submitted on this aspect that whereas some witnesses claimed that four had participated in the
attack, one of them said there were five. The prosecution‟s inability to explain this discrepancy,
as well as the timing of Naseem‟s arrest, put a question mark on its version.
14. Counsel next argued that the alleged hotel register extracts, produced during the trial to
prove Harvinder‟s stay in Avtar Hotel, only showed that someone called “Vijay Anand” had
checked in there; the prosecution made no effort to link the said accused with that person. There
was no identification. It was submitted, besides, that the attempt to involve PW-18 to say that he
knew Harvinder, and that he went to Dehradun is vague and unbelievable. Counsel underlined
that the Trial Court did not believe the alleged recovery of the chamberless pistol and the knife,
at the behest of the Appellant Harvinder. In these circumstances, his conviction was not based on
acceptable evidence.
15. It was urged, that Harvinder‟s, case was similar to Sanjay‟s and the reasons which
persuaded the Trial Court to acquit the latter, would also be equally applicable in the said
Appellant‟s case. It was also argued that the DD report, Ex. PW-4/A was made at the instance of
Mukhtiar Singh, who mentioned about a firing incident. However, the prosecution did not
attempt to join him in the investigation or the trial. His omission on the one hand, (as he was an
independent individual having no connection with the deceased‟s family or the police) and the
joining of the family members, (PW-1, PW-3 and PW-5) on the other, pointed to an unfair
investigation at the behest of the prosecution, which wanted to suppress facts that were
potentially favourable to the Appellant Harvinder.
16. Arguing against the conviction, learned counsel pointed to the fact that Harvinder had
been implicated in another case, i.e dacoity in PS Tagore Garden; however, the accused was
acquitted in that case, though it was registered on the basis of disclosures made in this case.
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 8
Furthermore, the prosecution could not establish involvement of Harvinder in the present case,
through the testimony of PW-19. It was submitted that the involvement of Harvinder in the
attack was sought to be corroborated by Naseem‟s disclosure statement, which was inadmissible.
17. Learned Standing Counsel Mr. Pawan Sharma submitted that a combined reading of the
depositions of the ocular witnesses PW-1, PW-3 and PW-5 clearly mentions the attack with the
knife by one assailant. They had also deposed that others were armed with guns. So far as
Amrish‟s arrest from Avtar Hotel is concerned, the prosecution pointed out that he had stayed
there under an assumed name i.e. Amit. This was established by Ex.PW-19/A, which were
extracts of the hotel register. The counsel emphasized that Amrish did not cross examine the
prosecution witnesses nor even suggests that he did not stay in that hotel. It was further argued
that Amrish was arrested on 05.01.1988 along with Sanjay at the instance of Naseem who had
named him in the disclosure statement Ex.PW-4/E. After arrest, Amrish was produced in Court
with his face muffled – an aspect which was clearly deposed by PW-3, PW-7 & PW-27. This was
also corroborated by the testimony of PW-8, the Magistrate D.S. Punia and further established by
the application for T.I.P. Ex-PW-8/A as well as the order sheet dated 11.01.1988. Amrish
clearly stated that he did not wish to join T.I.P. because the witnesses had seen him at the spot
and at the Police Station. Significantly, argued the prosecution counsel, Amrish made no
suggestion to the I.O. that he had been shown to the witnesses.
18. The prosecution backed heavily on the evidence of PW-24 – Finger Print Expert and his
report Ex.PW-24/A. It was submitted that the chance fingerprints sent for matching were lifted
from the electric iron found at the scene of occurrence. The report clearly pointed to the
specimen fingerprint of Amrish matching with the chance prints. This report was not challenged
by Amrish in any manner. Being a very important incriminating circumstance, Amrish had a
duty to explain it. He chooses to remain silent.
19. The prosecution urged that Amrish‟s involvement in the crime was also proved by the
recovery of Ex.PW-10, a knife, pursuant to the disclosure statement Ex.PW-20/A; and the
seizure memo was produced as Ex.PW-21/D. CFSL report PW-27/P established that knife
contained blood group „B‟ – the same blood grouping of the deceased. Ex.P-10, the knife was
shown to the Doctor PW-13, in whose opinion, the fatal injuries could have been caused by it.
20. So far as the accused Harvinder was concerned, the prosecution again relied upon the
testimony of the ocular witness. It was submitted that his stay in Avtar Hotel on 24.12.1987 with
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 9
Naseem Ahmed and others was proved by Ex.PW-19/A. Harvinder checked in and assumed
name as Vijay Anand, testified to by PW-19 Indrajeet. Here the prosecution relied upon the
personal search memo Ex.PW-21/I dated 13.08.1988 in respect of Harvinder and the disclosure
statement Ex.PW-21/J where the signature of the accused was shown as Vijay Saini. It was
submitted that this corroborated the prosecution story as it amounted to an attempt to camouflage
his real identity and the fact that he had checked into Avtar Hotel along with other accused.
21. The learned Standing Counsel argued that Harvinder was produced in Court with his face
muffled on 14.01.1988. He, however, refused to participate in the T.I.P. The same evening he
was taken to the place of incident and the supplementary statement of PW-1 & 5 were recorded.
PW-3 Prem Kumari also saw and recognized Harvinder as the individual who had visited her
house along with Kishan Lal on 23.12.1987 when her husband was absent.
22. The prosecution submitted that the Harvinder‟s conviction was also justified as it was
supported by the evidence of PW-18; he claimed to know Harvinder and deposed that in 1984 he
had come to Delhi in his taxi from Dehradoon. On that occasion, Harvinder had stayed with
Kishan Lal at Pahar Ganj. It was submitted that the circumstances surrounding arrest of
Harvinder who assumed the name Vijay Anand when he checked into Avtar Hotel cannot also be
disbelieved because in the disclosure statement of accused Naseem Ex.PW-4/C, it was recorded
that on 23.12.1987 at night he (Naseem) along with Vijay Anand and Amit etc. as per previous
program went to Delhi and stayed in Avtar Hotel. This was corroborated by Ex.PW-19/A and
the evidence of PW-19. The personal search memo contained the signatures of Vijay Anand
whereas the hotel register extract produced as Ex.PW-19/A mentioned V. Anand. Learned
counsel emphasized that these aspects were carefully scrutinized by the Trial Court and
compared the two entries and signatures found in Ex.PW-19/A and Ex.PW-1/J and found the
handwriting to be identical. Having regard to these, the Trial Court was justified in drawing the
adverse inference as regards the T.I.P. refusal by Harvinder. Furthermore, he was identified by
all the ocular witnesses at the trial.
23. As far as the Appellant Naseem was concerned, the prosecution urged that he was caught
red handed; – a fact deposed to by all the eye-witnesses. His bloodstained shirt, seized by memo
PW-5/C, contained human blood of „B‟ grouping, which was that of the deceased. Further, the
pistol in the hands of Naseem Ex.P-2 was seized by Memo Ex.PW-6/1. This fact had been
deposed to by PW-5 Lekhraj Luthra who stated that Naseem had a gun, which fell down.
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 10
24. Learned Standing Counsel argued that Naseem‟s fingerprints were lifted from the
wooden door; they matched the specimen fingerprints given by the CFSL expert through PW-
25/A & PW-25/B. Moreover, the prosecution underlined that Naseem himself admitted having
gone to meet Sunil Luthra, in reply to Question No.147, put to him by the Court while examining
him under Section-313 Cr.P.C. He had stated, however, that when he went to meet Sunil, it was
in connection with his uncle‟s case. However, no corroborative material was produced
supporting this claim; Naseem did not produce any document or witness to substantiate this
defence. Submitting that the State‟s appeal against acquittal of Sanjay ought to be accepted, it
was argued by the prosecution that the reasons which led to his release are untenable. Here, it
was submitted that the Trial Court held that the materials and evidence led were of a quality that
ought to have resulted in the said accused‟s conviction. Elaborating on this, the prosecution
submitted that the Trial Court erroneously held that the hotel extract register Ex. PW-19/A was
of no assistance, since it did not contain Sanjay‟s name. The learned Standing Counsel submitted
that in this case, the accused had not revealed their real names, and had checked into the hotel
under assumed names. Therefore, the Trial Court ought to have been conscious of this factor
while analyzing the evidence, and ought not to have been unduly swayed. When a crime such as
the one in question is committed, it would be futile for its perpetrators to go using their true
identities. It was next submitted that the disclosure of Naseem was recorded immediately after
the occurrence, on 27th December, 1987; he clearly pointed to the involvement of Sanjay. The
most important incriminating circumstance, ie. the knife recovered from the bushes near the
Railway Colony, Lodhi Colony, was brushed aside, because no public witness was associated.
This approach betrayed a flawed understanding of the law, because there is no requirement that
members of the public are to be associated with each recovery, made by the prosecution,
pursuant to a disclosure statement.
25. The learned Standing Counsel also submitted that Sanjay‟s involvement was also proved
because the personal search memo of Amrish yielded Sanjay‟s photograph- an aspect which
could be looked into, in view of his arrest, and recovery of the photograph itself. The Trial Court,
submitted the Standing Counsel, erred in disbelieving the ocular witnesses to the incident, who
had occasion to observe who had attacked Sunil.
26. As far as the State‟s appeal for enhancement of sentence, and conversion of conviction
was concerned, the learned Standing Counsel argued that the Trial Court failed- erroneously to
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 11
convict those charged with committing the crime- under Section 302 IPC, though there was
sufficient evidence on this aspect.
Analysis
27. The discussion in the preceding paragraphs reveals that the prosecution relied heavily on
the testimonies of eyewitnesses, i.e PW-1 (Bindu); P-3 (Prem Kumari) and PW-5 (Lekh Raj
Luthra).
28. PW-1 Bindu, in her statement, mentioned that Sunil, the deceased was an Advocate.
While she was sitting on 25.12.1987 in the drawing room with her parents, at about 06:45 PM,
the door bell rang and she opened the back entrance. The witness saw four boys, one of whom
told her that they wanted to meet Sunil. She asked him to wait for a minute, closed the back
entrance and went to the drawing room and told her father that four boys wanted to meet Sunil.
The four of them were standing in the middle of back entrance. She opened the front door and
enquired from them about the work they had with Sunil to which one of them replied that he had
come in connection with a case. The witness told them that Sunil was away to the market and
would be back in 10 minutes and asked them to sit on the sofa in the verandah. The witness
stated that the moment they sat on the sofa, they got-up and said they would be back in 10
minutes. While moving towards the main door, they took out pistol‟s and one of them placed it
on her temple, asking her to keep quiet and ordering her to move towards the drawing room. All
the four boys went inside the drawing room. One pointed a pistol towards her father and another
towards her mother. She asked her father to keep quiet but her mother could not restrain herself
and asked them what they wanted by addressing them as Beta. To this one of them stated that
they would not leave Sunil alive. In the meantime, according to PW-1, one more person entered
the bedroom, armed with a knife. He pulled down an Attaché case kept over an almirah and
started ruffling through the articles in it. By then, the sound of Sunil‟s car was heard; her father
ran to the main entrance and shouted to him to keep away. Sunil, however, went upstairs to see
what had happened. At the entrance, all four, armed with pistols surrounded her brother and the
fifth armed man gave 5-6 knife blows on Sunil‟s chest and abdomen. Her father tried to save
Sunil and in the process apprehended one of the assailants. Before her father could apprehend
him, he hit him on the head with some object. Sunil started bleeding profusely and fell-down in
the bedroom. Many people came there on hearing the cries of the witness and her father. By then
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 12
her father had apprehended Naseem and the others fled. The witness telephoned number 100
twice. After some time, the police reached there, took into custody Naseem and her father took
Sunil to the hospital in a taxi. He was also accompanied by PW-22 Govil. Her statement was
recorded by the IO (Ex. PW-1/A). She deposed that she could identify all the accused and did so.
She subsequently pointed to Amrish as the attacker who entered later, armed with a knife and as
the one who had stabbed Sunil repeatedly. She further deposed that the police had brought
Amrish to her house on 30.09.1988 and that she was able to identify him. She was confronted
with three inconsistencies in regard to the statement recorded during the investigation. Her
deposition regarding the accused pointing a pistol to her father and the other to her mother, was
not mentioned in the previous statement to the police. The second mention was with regard to the
number of blows given to Sunil. The previous statement did not give the number of blows. The
third was the testimony that her father tried to save his son – again did not find mention in the
previous statement. Another omission, which she was confronted with (vis-à-vis her previous
police statement) was in regard to her statement that one of the attackers had placed a gun at her
temple. It was elicited in her cross-examination that the entire incident took 10 minutes from the
time the door bell rang. She clarified in the cross-examination about not going to the Safdarjung
Hospital when her brother was taken there. She also mentioned that her second statement was
recorded on 14.01.1988 though she did not appear in Court. She clarified not having seen the
accused Amrish prior to the incident.
29. The second eyewitness, PW-3 Prem Kumari, said much the same thing about the events
preceding the attack on Sunil, as narrated by PW-1. However, she added that one of the boys
pointed a pistol at her, and another pointed a pistol at her husband, and that Bindu, at pistol point,
was made to stand near the other drawing room door. She corroborated PW-1 in other particulars
about all the boys being armed with pistols, a fifth one reaching there, through the verandah and
going into the bedroom, taking down the suitcase, and rummaging through it, when Sunil‟s car
was heard, the warning given to Sunil, his going upstairs, and being given 5-6 knife blows by the
fifth boys, one attacker being caught by her husband, who was given a blow, in the process, etc.
She also added that Kishan Lal was her sister-in-law‟s dewar (husband‟s brother), whom she
was able to identify (though she was not on visiting terms with him). According to her, Kishan
Lal had visited their house two days before the incident, with Harvinder, at noon time, to meet
her husband, PW-5. She told him why he had visited at that time, when he knew that PW-5
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 13
would not be home at that time; the two boys had asked for a glass of water, and then left. She
had not been asked to identify the accused, in Court prior to the trial. The most significant
portion of her cross examination was that she was confronted with her previous Section 161
Cr. P.C statement, where she had mentioned that four boys had come home armed with pistols
and when Sunil came back home, had attacked him – three of them holding him, and one,
inflicting knife injuries on him.
30. PW-5 Lekh Raj Luthra corroborated the deposition of PW-1 in all material particulars
about the attack. He too mentioned about four accused initially entering home joined, later by a
fifth. He identified Sanjay, Naseem, Amarish and Harvinder as those present at the time of the
attack, and that Amrish was the accused who inflicted knife injuries. He also mentioned having
nabbed Naseem during the attack. He mentioined that Kishan Lal had called him up on
22.12.1987 asking for some money, which he refused, and that he had informed his wife PW-3
about this. In cross examination, he admitted that the information regarding Kishan lal‟s request
for money was given to the police in the second week of January, and later recorded by them. He
also stated (as did PW-3) that Kishan Lal had visited their house when his sister had visited them
earlier during the year. He deposed that Kishan Lal used to live in Pahar Ganj.
31. In this case, PW-4/B is DD entry No. 10 containing the earliest record of the incident, by
which Bindu had informed the police, at No. 100. It mentions that a murder had taken place in
her house. Ex. PW-13/A is the MLC issued by Safdarjung Hospital; it records that the deceased
was taken there at 7:12 PM. All the eyewitnesses mention about the attack having taken place at
6:45 PM, and PW-1 as well as PW-3 said that the whole incident lasted for about 10 odd
minutes. The earliest account of facts was narrated by PW-1, and formed the basis of the FIR; it
was exhibited as Ex. PW-1/A. Her narration of facts, except to the extent recorded in her cross
examination, was almost identical with the earliest version, which had stated all the elements,
and also that Naseem had been handed to the police, upon their arrival at the scene. The
prosecution thus was able to prove how the attack took place, and that four individuals were
involved, of whom one (Naseem) was nabbed at the spot, and handed over to the police. The
prosecution case was that Naseem‟s disclosure statement led the investigation from then
onwards; he mentioned about the involvement of other accused.
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 14
32. So far as the role of Naseem is concerned, the statements of all the eye witnesses i.e. PW-
1, 3 & 5 are consistent. The earliest statement recorded at the instance of PW-1 i.e. PW-1/A
clearly mentions that one boy who was amongst the four at the spot of occurrence was nabbed by
her father PW-5; they also mentioned that it was Naseem, whose name was ascertained later, the
same night. This was corroborated by the other eye witnesses; the record also discloses that
Naseem was arrested after he was handed over to the police the same night or in the wee hours of
next morning i.e. 26.12.1987. The argument by Naseem‟s counsel about the non-examination of
a constable who was named by the prosecution being serious and fatal to its case, is insubstantial.
We also notice that PW-10 Mahender Singh carried the D.D. Entry-10A Ex.PW-4/B,
corroborated the eye witness stating that he saw Naseem at the spot. The I.O. PW-27 Shri J.P.
Sharma also mentioned having taken Naseem into custody at that time. Naseem‟s case before
the Trial Court was that he went to meet Sunil at 08:30 PM in connection with his uncle‟s
customs case and that after reaching there, the police took him into custody. Apart from stating
this and advancing submissions on similar lines, he made no effort to explain his presence at the
spot where he concededly was present. By virtue of Section-106 of the Evidence Act – having
regard to the testimonies of PW-1, 3, 5 & 27, he ought to have explained the incriminating
circumstances. No effort was made by him to substantiate the plea taken by him either by giving
particulars in regard to the customs case mentioned by him or by examining his uncle as a
defence witness.
33. The prosecution also relied on the depositions of PW-24, the finger print expert; he
deposed having visited the crime scene on 25.12.1987 and lifted six finger prints from the side
wall and two finger prints on the electric iron kept on top of the table in a room. These were
developed by him. He deposed that the fingerprints, sent to him by the SHO (PW-27) on
04.02.1988, on comparison showed that two prints belonged to Naseem. The report was marked
as Ex.PW-24/A. PW-27, the I.O. deposed having taken the fingerprints of Naseem and
forwarded them to the Finger Prints Bureau, the Seizure Memo was exhibited as PW-27/J. This
too constitutes a strong incriminating as well as corroborative circumstance against Naseem
which went unexplained during the trial. In these circumstances, we do not see any reason to
disturb the findings as regards the involvement of Naseem in the crime.
34. So far as the involvement of Amrish was concerned, the prosecution again relied on the
testimonies of the eye witnesses PW-1, 3 & 5. The prosecution had alleged that Amrish had
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 15
checked into Avtar Hotel under the assumed name Amit and sought to substantiate it by relying
on the hotel register extract Ex.PW-19/A. Amrish‟s arrest was proved by PW-23 and PW-27.
The prosecution apparently applied for a T.I.P. on the same day itself i.e. 05.01.1988 (Ex.PW-
8/A). The Trial Court recorded the proceedings on 11.01.1988 in its order sheet. Amrish refused
to join the T.I.P. because the witnesses had seen him at the spot and at the Police Station. This
aspect is of some importance because the prosecution‟s case was that Naseem‟s disclosure
eventually led to the police going to Avtar Hotel and discovering that the room was locked. The
prosecution claimed that a Police Constable was deployed to keep watch and subsequently the
police party returned after a tip off and at the pointing out of Naseem, arrested Amrish and
Sanjay on 05.01.1988. As noticed earlier, the application for T.I.P. was made on the same day.
PW-5‟s evidence establishes that Amrish and Sanjay were taken to the spot of occurrence on
13.01.1988. He clarified during cross examination that he had taken leave that day and was at
home. Having regard to these facts, the refusal to participate in the T.I.P. (recorded by Ex.PW-
8/E) assumed some importance. Whether the Court can accept the explanation given by Amrish
about his having been shown to the witnesses prior to the date he was produced in the Court for
T.I.P. would, therefore, have to seen in the light of the entire circumstances. PW-5 categorically
deposed that witnesses were taken at the spot on 13.01.1988 i.e. two days after the T.I.P. refusal.
In the circumstances, Amrish‟s explanation for not participating in the T.I.P. is unworthy of
credence. The Court would, therefore, be justified in drawing adverse inference on this aspect
against him.
35. The prosecution had relied upon the knife, Ex.PW-10, recovered pursuant to the
disclosure statement allegedly made by Amrish; the recovery memo was marked as Ex.PW-
21/D. The knife, according to the CFSL report, Ex.PW-27/P contained human blood group „B‟ –
the blood grouping of the deceased. Whilst, we agree with the submissions on behalf of Amrish
that implication by co-accused in the disclosure statement is per se not incriminating, the
recovery of the knife at his instance, however, stands on a different footing. Added to this, is the
report of the Finger Print Expert PW-24 who after photographic enlargement of the two chance
prints lifted and developed from the spot i.e. from the electric iron tagged as Q7 and Q8 which
matched with the specimen finger print of Amrish. The matching points were described in
Ex.PW-24/E and the reasons for the opinion in Ex.PW-24/F. We have earlier noticed while
discussing the case against Naseem that these chance prints were lifted by the Finger Print
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 16
Expert immediately after the scene of occurrence. The Trial Court held that apart from the
circumstances that he was an expert witness, there was no reason for him to display bias against
the accused. Furthermore, we notice that PW-27 clearly deposed having taken the specimen
finger prints from Amrish too; the seizure memo in that case was Ex.PW-27/K. Amrish‟s
identification by the eye witness and the chance prints lifted from the spot were sufficiently
damaging and implicated him in this case. The submissions made on his behalf that none of the
eye witnesses mention that Amrish had touched the iron is of no consequence. At least two eye
witnesses had deposed that the entire occurrence took place within 10-12 minutes. Having
regard to the varying degrees of power of observation and the relative points at which the eye
witnesses were placed in the crime scene, seen in the context of the fact that a family member
was attacked, as a consequence of which he died, the omission of this detail is insignificant. On
the other hand, the eye witnesses are categorical as regards the role played by Amrish i.e. that he
pulled out the knife and stabbed the deceased repeatedly.
35. We are conscious of the fact that the prosecution was unable to establish the motive
which it claimed led the Appellants to commit the crime. In the charge-sheet, it was mentioned
that Kishan Lal bore a grudge of some malice because PW-5 refused to lend him some money,
however, his role could not be established. At the same time, the motive which is a key element
in a case involving circumstantial evidence plays at best a secondary role if there is clear ocular
evidence implicating the accused. This was mentioned in the judgment reported as Rajesh
Govind Jagesha v. State of Maharashtra, (1999) 8 SCC 428, as follows:
“We are not impressed with the arguments that as the earlier occurrence in which Sarita
@ Rita was teased has not been established by the prosecution, the appellants were entitled
to acquittal as, according to them, there did not exist any motive for the commission of the
crime. “Motive” in a criminal case based upon ocular testimony of witnesses is not at all
relevant. This Court in Gurcharan Singh v. State of Punjab3 held that:
“But it has repeatedly been pointed out by this Court that where the positive evidence
against the accused is clear, cogent and reliable, the question of motive is of no
importance.”
Again in Datar Singh v. State of Punjab4 this Court reiterated that mere absence of a strong
motive for committing the crime cannot be of any assistance to the accused if the offence
could be proved by evidence. Where the direct evidence regarding the commission of offence
is worthy of credence and can be believed, the question of motive becomes, more or less,
academic. “Motive” may be relevant in a case based upon circumstantial evidence only,
being one of the circumstances.”
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 17
In view of the above discussion, we see no reasons to differ with the Trial Court‟s findings
regarding involvement of Amrish, in the crime, and the role played by him.
36. Coming to Harvinder, the prosecution relied on the eyewitness testimony of PW-1, PW-3
and PW-5. He was arrested after surrendering to the police on 13.01.1988. The prosecution
alleged that his stay in Avtar Hotel on 24.12.1987 with Naseem Ahmed and others was proved
by Ex.PW-19/A. Harvinder checked in and assumed name as Vijay Anand, testified to by PW-
19 Indrajeet. Harvinder‟s counsel argued, on the other hand, that PW-19 could not have
identified him, and that in any case, the hotel register extracts produced during the trial nowhere
reflected his name. Here the prosecution relied upon the personal search memo Ex.PW-21/I
dated 13.01.1988 in respect of Harvinder and the disclosure statement Ex.PW-21/J where the
signature of the accused was shown as Vijay Saini. While these two circumstances on their own
would not implicate Harvinder, they find corroboration in the testimony of PW-19, the hotel
manager, who identified him, and also proved Ex. PW-19/A, entry No. 2724, in the name of V.
Anand. These certainly implicated him. The Trial Court also compared the signatures on the
hotel register extract, and the personal search memo of Harvinder Ex. PW-21/I (on which he
signed as Vijay Anand) and found the handwriting to be identical. Interestingly, we notice that in
reply to queries put to Harvinder under Section 313 Cr. PC, he mentioned having been arrested
after he surrendered to the DCP, Headquarters. When specifically queried about Ex. PW-21/I, he
denied it, but stated that the police had taken his signatures on blank papers. Ex. PW-21/I was
signed as “Vijay Saini”. Furthermore, the prosecution sought his TIP the very next day; he
refused it. Concededly he surrendered and was arrested in the police headquarters. In these
circumstances, the Trial Court held that the onus shifted on him to at least explain why he
refused to participate in the TIP; however, he offered no explanation or evidence.
37. In Munshi Singh Gautam v. State of M.P 2005 (9) SCC 631, it was held by the Supreme
Court that:
“16. As was observed by this Court in Matru v. State of U.P.53 identification tests do
not constitute substantive evidence. They are primarily meant for the purpose of helping
the investigating agency with an assurance that their progress with the investigation into
the offence is proceeding on the right lines. The identification can only be used as
corroborative of the statement in court. (See Santokh Singh v. Izhar Hussain54.) The
necessity for holding an identification parade can arise only when the accused are not
previously known to the witnesses. The whole idea of a test identification parade is thatCrl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 18
witnesses who claim to have seen the culprits at the time of occurrence are to identify
them from the midst of other persons without any aid or any other source. The test is
done to check upon their veracity. In other words, the main object of holding an
identification parade, during the investigation stage, is to test the memory of the
witnesses based upon first impression and also to enable the prosecution to decide
whether all or any of them could be cited as eyewitnesses of the crime. The identification
proceedings are in the nature of tests and significantly, therefore, there is no provision
for it in the Code and the Evidence Act. It is desirable that a test identification parade
should be conducted as soon as after the arrest of the accused. This becomes necessary to
eliminate the possibility of the accused being shown to the witnesses prior to the test
identification parade. This is a very common plea of the accused and, therefore, the
prosecution has to be cautious to ensure that there is no scope for making such an
allegation. If, however, circumstances are beyond control and there is some delay, it
cannot be said to be fatal to the prosecution.
17. It is trite to say that the substantive evidence is the evidence of identification in
court. Apart from the clear provisions of Section 9 of the Evidence Act, the position in
law is well settled by a catena of decisions of this Court. The facts, which establish the
identity of the accused persons, are relevant under Section 9 of the Evidence Act. As a
general rule, the substantive evidence of a witness is the statement made in court. The
evidence of mere identification of the accused person at the trial for the first time is from
its very nature inherently of a weak character. The purpose of a prior test identification,
therefore, is to test and strengthen the trustworthiness of that evidence. It is, accordingly,
considered a safe rule of prudence to generally look for corroboration of the sworn
testimony of witnesses in court as to the identity of the accused who are strangers to
them, in the form of earlier identification proceedings. This rule of prudence, however, is
subject to exceptions, when, for example, the court is impressed by a particular witness
on whose testimony it can safely rely, without such or other corroboration. The
identification parades belong to the stage of investigation, and there is no provision in
the Code which obliges the investigating agency to hold or confers a right upon the
accused to claim a test identification parade. They do not constitute substantive evidence
and these parades are essentially governed by Section 162 of the Code. Failure to hold a
test identification parade would not make inadmissible the evidence of identification in
court. The weight to be attached to such identification should be a matter for the courts
of fact. In appropriate cases it may accept the evidence of identification even without
insisting on corroboration. (See Kanta Prashad v. Delhi Admn.55, Vaikuntam
Chandrappa v. State of A.P.56, Budhsen v. State of U.P.51 and Rameshwar Singh v. State
of J&K57.)”
The above views were approved after the Supreme Court revisited the issue, and considered
several other judgments in Sidhartha Vashisht v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2010) 6 SCC 1. It is thus
clear that a TIP is not per se substantive evidence, in a criminal trial; the identification of an
accused during trial constitutes substantive evidence. However, a TIP is an investigative tool,
and courts look for it, wherever available to lend assurance that at the earliest opportunity, the
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 19
prosecution sought recourse to it, to ensure that the real culprits are brought to book. Having
regard to these, particularly the fact that Harvinder surrendered on 13.01.1988, and the
prosecution offered his TIP the next day, his refusal had to be explained by him, in the light of
the positive identification by the eyewitnesses.
38. In the light of the preceding discussion, we see no infirmity in the Trial Court‟s
judgment, finding that Harvinder was one of the four boys present at the time of the crime, as it
was deposed to by the eyewitnesses, and his arrest, corroborated in material particulars by
independent evidence.
39. The Trial Court disbelieved that Sanjay was using an alias, i.e Shiv, as alleged by the
prosecution. Unlike in the case of other accused, there was no corroboration that Sanjay had
checked into the hotel under an assumed name; this fact was not established by any prosecution
evidence. The other reason which persuaded the Trial Court to conclude that the prosecution
could not prove its case against Sanjay beyond reasonable doubt, was that the disclosure
statement of a co-accused, made during investigation could not be used against him. The Court
also felt that the arrest had not been proved, since the signature of Sanjay was not obtained on
the personal search memo. While the Standing Counsel is right in contending that there is no
hard and fast rule on this aspect, in law, and that the document, or arrest cannot be doubted on
that score, what needs to be emphasized here is that in the present case, the arrest memos and the
personal search memos in respect of the accused were signed by them. Furthermore, unlike in the
case of other accused, there was no positive identification by any witness other than the ocular
witness. Having regard to the overall conspectus of facts, we are unpersuaded that these reasons
call for interference, in the State‟s appeal.
40. As regards Krishan Lal‟s acquittal, the Trial Court was unconvinced about the
prosecution‟s evidence regarding his involvement in the crime. He did admit having sought for
some amount from PW-5. Yet, the prosecution was unable to establish that as a strong motive
and link his involvement with the other accused; the allegations of his being acquainted with
Harvinder, and having hatched a plot and conspired to kill Sunil was disbelieved; the Trial Court
felt that there was simply not sufficient material to support a criminal conspiracy. So far as
confessional statements were concerned, the Court held – and in our view, unexceptionally, that
such species of evidence was impermissible, even if it was inculpatory, unless it led to any
discovery of fact or article. Having regard to the standard which High Courts have to adhere to
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 20
while assessing evidence in criminal cases, and weighing whether to interfere with the Trial
Court‟s findings, i.e. after seeing if there are substantial or compelling reasons, we are not
satisfied that the prosecution has fulfilled that threshold. We are conscious that as an Appellate
Court, the entire evidence and materials can be re-appreciated, which is why we did look into the
entire record. However, we cannot substitute our findings merely because we can take a view
different from that of the Trial Court.
41. That leaves us with the question of conviction. The record shows that the prosecution was
unable to establish the motive. We are conscious that motive acquires a secondary position,
where the prosecution case is based on direct ocular evidence. Yet, when the prosecution alleges,
as in this case- assault on an individual by one person, with others around him, armed, who had
accompanied him to the scene of crime, it becomes important for the court to assign the precise
criminal responsibility of each one of them. Speaking of the offence under Section 34 IPC,
which attributes joint responsibility in such cases, the Supreme Court, in Ramashish Yadav and
Ors.v.State of Bihar; 2000 SCC (Crl.) 9 held that the principle of joint liability in doing of a
criminal act under Section 34 of IPC is essentially based in the existence of common intent
impelling the accused to commit a criminal act. The distinct feature is the element of
participation, in action and a pre-arranged plan proved either from conduct or from
circumstances or from any incriminating facts. The Supreme Court held that common intention:
“…requires a pre-arranged plan and it presupposes prior concert. Therefore,
there must be prior meeting of minds. The prior concert of meeting of minds may
be determined from the conduct of the offenders unfolding itself during the course
of action and the declaration made by them just before mounting the attack. It can
also be developed at the spur of the moment but there must be pre-arrangement or
pre-mediated concert.”
In Mahbub Shah v. Emperor, AIR 1945 PC 118, the Privy Council stated the law as to joint
liability, under Section 34, IPC, as follows:
“the inference of common intention should never be reached unless it is a necessary
inference deducible from the circumstances of the case.”
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 21
In Pandurang and Others v. State of Hyderabad, AIR 1955 SC 216, the Supreme Court,
discussed the applicability and scope of Section 34 IPC and the nature of evidence of prior
concert, which had to be adduced, in the following terms:
“Now in the case of Section 34 we think it is well established that a common intention
presupposes prior concert. It requires a pre-arranged plan because before a man can be
vicariously convicted for the criminal act of another, the act must have been done in
furtherance of the common intention of them all: Mahbub Shah v. King Emperor AIR 1945
PC 118. Accordingly there must have been a prior meeting of minds. Several persons can
simultaneously attack a man and each can have the same intention, namely the intention to
kill, and each can individually inflict a separate fatal blow and yet none would have the
common intention required by the section because there was no prior meeting of minds to
form a pre-arranged plan. In a case like that, each would be individually liable for whatever
injury he caused but none could be vicariously convicted for the act of any of the others; and
if the prosecution cannot prove that his separate blow was a fatal one he cannot be convicted
of the murder however clearly an intention to kill could be proved in his case: Barendra
Kumar Ghosh v. King- Emperor 72 IA 148 and Mahbub Shah v. King-Emperor3. As Their
Lordships say in the latter case, “the partition which divides their bounds is often very thin:
nevertheless, the distinction is real and substantial, and if overlooked will result in
miscarriage of justice”.
34. The plan need not be elaborate, nor is a long interval of time required. It could arise
and be formed suddenly, as for example when one man calls on bystanders to help him kill a
given individual and they, either by their words or their acts, indicate their assent to him and
join him in the assault. There is then the necessary meeting of the minds. There is a pre-
arranged plan however hastily formed and rudely conceived. But pre-arrangement there
must be and premeditated concert. It is not enough, as in the latter Privy Council case, to
have the same intention independently of each other, e.g., the intention to rescue another
and, if necessary, to kill those who oppose.
35. In the present case, there is no evidence of any prior meeting. We know nothing of
what they said or did before the attack, not even immediately before. Pandurang is not even
of the same caste as the others Bhilia, Tukia and Nilia are Lambadas, Pandurang is a Hatkar
and Tukaram a Maratha. It is true prior concert and arrangement can, and indeed often
must, be determined from subsequent conduct as, for example, by a systematic plan of
campaign unfolding itself during the course of the action which could only be referable to
prior concert and pre-arrangement, or a running away together in a body or a meeting
together subsequently. But, to quote the Privy Council again, “the inference of common
intention should never be reached unless it is a necessary inference deducible from the
circumstances of the case”.
The decision in A. Mohnam v. State of Kerala, 1990 Supp SCC 66 has held that common
intention has to be gathered from their overt acts and not from what one of the accused did
subsequently. The need for the court to sift the role of each accused, to see whether the common
intention or object extended to cause or inflict the same kind of injury, would have to be seen,
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 22
was emphasized by the Supreme Court, in Rajagopalswamy Konar v. State of T.N., 1995 SCC
(Cri) 184.
42. The judgment of the Supreme Court, reported as Balbir Singh v. State of Punjab,(2005) 9
SCC 299, contain observations in a similar vein. In Balbir Singh, it was observed that:
“8. Coming to the nature of the offence committed by the appellants, there is evidence to
the effect that the appellants only wanted to teach a lesson to Tara Singh. They were
aggrieved by the fact that deceased Tara Singh had purchased the agricultural land
which they expected to get from Gurdial Kaur. Two of the assailants were armed with
axes, but they did not use the sharp edge of those weapons and the injuries sustained by
deceased Tara Singh would show that there were no deep penetrating
injuries….Appellants Gora Singh and Balbir Singh are not alleged to have caused any
fatal injury to the deceased Tara Singh. Gora Singh, though armed with a “kulhari”
(axe), used the blunt portion of that axe. Sikandar Singh was armed with a “sotti”
(wooden stick). He caught hold of deceased Tara Singh to enable the other assailants to
cause injury to him and Sikandar Singh himself gave sotti-blows on the back of the
deceased which resulted in causing fracture of the ribs and, in turn, piercing of the lung
tissues of the deceased Tara Singh. There is no dispute that these injuries were caused on
Tara Singh. It is clear that Sikandar Singh dealt the fatal blows which ultimately resulted
in the death of the deceased. If the entire prosecution evidence is considered in the
background of the so-called motive alleged, it is very difficult to discern that these
appellants had any common intention to cause the death of the deceased. The sotti-blows
dealt on the back of deceased Tara Singh proved fatal causing fracture of ribs which
pierced his lung tissues.
9. On careful analysis of the prosecution evidence and the role played by each one of the
appellants, we are of the view that the evidence does not show that these appellants
shared a common intention to cause the death of the deceased. However, appellant
Sikandar Singh caused injuries on deceased Tara Singh which proved to be fatal at the
end. The act committed by Sikandar Singh would come within the offence punishable
under Section 304 Part I IPC as he could be attributed with the knowledge that the injury
caused by him is likely to cause death. The grievous injuries caused by other appellants,
namely, Gora Singh and Balbir Singh, would fall within the mischief of Section 326 IPC.”43. The discussion in the preceding paragraphs of this judgment would reveal that Amrish
had inflicted the two fatal injuries, which according to medical evidence, were the cause of
death. Having regard to the location of those injuries, and the doctor‟s opinion, there is no room
for any doubt that they were aimed at a vital part of the body; equally, they were intended to kill
the victim, and did achieve that purpose. The Court therefore upholds Amrish‟s conviction under
Section 302 IPC. However, as far as the others, i.e. Naseem and Harvinder are concerned, the
ocular evidence shows that they did not participate in the attack; they were armed with
kattas. None of them did any overt act in the attack. Here, the lack of proof of motiveCrl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 23
becomes somewhat important. The absence of any overt role leaves the Court clueless as to their
intention. Being armed with dangerous weapons, and having accompanied Amrish, they cannot
be said to have no criminal motive; it is equally unclear that they came prepared to kill the
deceased. Quite possibly they did, or on the other hand, they were at the scene, with the intention
of intimidating, or causing some serious injury to Sunil, they can also be attributed knowledge
that the weapon if used may result in death. Having regard to the nature of evidence on the
record, and the overall circumstances of the case, the court is of opinion that the said two
accused cannot be convicted for the offence punishable under Section 302 IPC; at best their case
would be under Section 304 Part II IPC read with Section 34.44. In view of the above discussion the appeals of the State and Amrish (Crl. Appeal
Nos.405/1997, 407/1997 and 292/1998) have to fail. Amrish is directed to surrender and serve
the remainder of his sentence under Section 302 IPC, before the Trial Court on 30th September,
2011. The Appeals of Harvinder and Naseem Ahmed have to succeed in part. Their conviction is
substituted to the offence punishable under Section 304 Part II IPC; the sentence too is
substituted to 10 years rigorous imprisonment. We notice that both of them have undergone
imprisonment for over 10 years, and were enlarged on bail for the duration of their appeals. Their
bail and surety bonds are hereby discharged; their appeals succeed in these terms. In the result,
Criminal Appeals 405/1997, 407/1997 and 292/1998 are dismissed; and Criminal Appeals
Nos.40/1998 and 424/1999 are partly allowed in terms of the above directions.S. RAVINDRA BHAT
(JUDGE)G.P.MITTAL
(JUDGE)September 13, 2011
Crl.A. Nos.40/98, 292/98,405/97, 407/97 & 424/99 Page 24
