PETITIONER: JAI LAL Vs. RESPONDENT: DELHI ADMINISTRATION DATE OF JUDGMENT: 30/04/1968 BENCH: BACHAWAT, R.S. BENCH: BACHAWAT, R.S. GROVER, A.N. CITATION: 1969 AIR 15 1969 SCR (1) 140 ACT: Indian Penal Code, 1860 s. 84-Scope of. HEADNOTE: From 1958 the, appellant was a Railway employee and often lost his temper and had altercations with other clerks in the office. In October 1960 he was found to be suffering from a mental illness as he exhibited symptom of acute schizophrenia and showed disorder of thought, emotion and perception of external realities. He was treated for and was cured of this illness by July 1961 when he resumed his duties. On the morning of November 25, he went to office as usual but as he was late in attendance, he was marked absent. 'He applied in writing for one -day's casual leave and returned home. No one noticed any symptoms -of any mental disorder at that time. Just after 1 o'clock he entered his neighbour's house and stabbed and killed a girl 1 1/2 year old and later also stabbed and injured two other persons with a knife. He was thereafter arrested and interrogated on the same day when he gave normal and intelligent answers. After his arrest and upon a medical examination, the appellant was declared to be lunatic though not violent and the psychiatrist found that he had had a relapse of schizophrenia. On September 6, 1962, he was ,reported as cured and was thereafter committed for trial ,in February 1963. The trial court convicted him under ss. 302' and 324 of the Indian Penal Code and sentenced him to life imprisonment. During the trial and in the subsequent appeal to the High Court, the ,defence plea was one of insanity which was concurrently rejected by both Courts. On appeal to this Court by special leave. HELD: dismissing the appeal: The appellant was not insane at the time of the killing and stabbing and knew the consequences of his acts. He must therefore be held ,criminally responsible for his acts.[144 H] To establish that the acts done were not offences under s. 84 it must be proved clearly that at the time of the commission of the acts the appellant, by reason of unsoundness of mind, was incapable of knowing that the acts were either morally wrong or contrary to law. There was clear evidence that on the morning of November 25 the appellant's mind was normal and also that he knew that his act of stabbing and killing was contrary to law. He concealed the weapon of offence. He bolted the front door of his house to prevent arrest. He then tried to run away by the back door. When an atttempt was made to apprehend him he an back to his house and bloted the door. He then tried to disperse the crowd by throwing brickbats from the roof. His conduct immediately after he occurrence displaced consciousness of his guilt. [143 F; 144 D-E] JUDGMENT:
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 38 of
1965.
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Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated
July 28, 1964 of the Punjab High Court (Circuit Bench) in
Criminal Appeal No. 40-D of 1963.
S. N. Prasad, for the appellant.
H. R. Khanna and S. P. Nayyar, for the respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Bachawat, J.-The Additional Sessions Judge, Delhi, convicted
the appellant under sec. 302 of the Indian Penal Code and
sentenced him to undergo imprisonment for life. The Judge
also convicted the appellant under sec. 324 of the Indian
Penal Code, sentenced him to undergo six months rigorous
imprisonment and directed that the two sentences would run
concurrently. An appeal was filed in the High Court of
Punjab. The High Court dismissed the appeal. The appellant
has filed this appeal after obtaining special leave.
The appellant lives at Sat Nagar in Delhi. On November 25,
1961 at 1.45 p.m. he entered the house of his neighbour
Somawati and stabbed her daughter Leela aged 1 1/2 years
with a knife. He inflicted five stab wounds, one on the
back trunk, one on the right gluteal region, two on the
right thigh and one on the chest. The injury on the back of
trunk, proved fatal. Leela died in the hospital at 4 p.m.
The appellant then returned to his house and bolted the
front door. A crowd collected near the front door and
raised an alarm. After some time the appellant went out by
the back door and stabbed another neighbour Parbati and then
Raghubir who tried to intervene on her behalf. The injuries
were simple incised wounds Rabhubir and others tried to
apprehend him. He then ran back to his house, bolted the
door and started throwing brickbats from the roof. He was
later arrested by the police. All these facts are proved by
unimpeachable evidence.
One Dhani Ram was the father of Leela. Dhani Ram, his wife
Somawati, his daughter Leela and his brother Baburam lived
together in the same house. Indra is the appellant’s
sister. The, appellant and his father suspected that
Baburam was prone to making illicit approaches to Indra. On
this account, the appellant had a long standing grudge
against Baburam. This enmity is said to be the motive of
the attack by the appellant on Leela, a member of the family
of Baburam. The motive for the attack on Parbati is not
clear. Raghubir was attacked because he tried to intervene.
The defence plea was of insanity. The Additional Sessions
Judge and the High Court concurrently rejected this defence.
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We may briefly notice the evidence bearing on the plea of
insanity. Since 1958 the appellant was an employee in the
Stores Branch of the Northern Railway Headquarters in Baroda
House, New Delhi. In 1958 and 1959 he had altercations with
other clerks in the office. On May 20, 1959 his superior
officer observed that he was prone to, lose temper in no
time. In his moments of excitement he became dangerous and
used to hit his colleagues with anything that he could lay
his hands on. But at the time of his greatest excitement he
could distinguish between right and wrong. After May 1959
he worked at his desk as a normal man. In March 1960 he
again quarrelled with another clerk. He was suspended and
sent for medical examination. At this stage he was
suffering from mental illness. On October 12. 1960 he was
examined by a psychiatrist who found that he exhibited
symptoms of acute schizophrenia and showed disorder of
thought, emotion and perception of external realities. The
psychiatrist said that he was harbouring certain delusions.
The nature of the delusions is not stated. It is not proved
that the appellant suffered from any particular delusion or
hallucination. The appellant was put on a drug named
largactil and was given convulsive electrotherapy treatment.
On January 12, 1961 he was cured of his illness and was
advised to join his duties. On resuming his duties the
appellant worked in the office in the normal manner.
There is some evidence that on the morning of November 25.
1961 and the preceding night, the appellant complained that
he was unwell and took medicine. But on the morning of
November 25, he went to his office as usual. He was late in
attendance and was marked absent. He applied in writing for
one day’s casual leave stating that he had an urgent piece
of work at home. Nobody noticed any symptoms of mental
disorder at that time. He left the office at about 11.30
a.m. and returned home alone. At 1.45 p.m. he stabbed
Leela, Parbati and Raghubir with a knife.He concealed the
knife and a search for it has proved fruitless. At 2.45
p.m. the investigating officer arrived on the spot, arrested
the appellant and interrogated him. He was then found
normal and gave intelligent answers. On the same date he
was produced before a Magistrate. His brother was then
present but the Magistrate was not informed that he was
insane. On November 27, he was interrogated by an
Inspector. It does not appear that he was then insane.
On November 30, the appellant’s brother filed an application
before the committing magistrate stating that the appellant
was insane at the time of the occurrence. The appellant was
later remanded to judicial custody. On receipt of another
application from his brother he was kept under medical
observation from December 16 to December 23. On December 19
the medical
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officer noted that the appellant was indifferent to his
surroundings and personal cleanliness, preoccupied in his
thoughts muttering to himself, making meaningless gestures,
losing track of conversations, given to delayed and
repetitive answers and unable to give detailed account of
incidents leading to his arrest. On Decemher 23, he was
declared to be a lunatic though not violent. The
psychiatrist noted that the appellant had a relapse of
schizophrenia and was suffering from disorder of thought,
emotion and loss of contact with realities. From his
attitude and manner of talk he was found to be aggressive.
On September 6, 1962 the psychiatrist reported that the
appellant was cured and was in a position to understand
proceedings in court. The commitment order was made on
January 4, 1963. The trial started in February 1963. The
appellant was sane at the time of the trial.
The group of ailments dubbed schizophrenia is discussed in
James D. Page’s Abnormal Psychology, Ch. XI, pages 236 to
261 and Modi’s Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology, 14th
ed., pages 349 to 401. Schizophrenia is a general term
referring to a group of severe mental disorders marked by a
splitting or disintegration, of the personality. The most
striking clinical features include general psychological
disharmony, emotional impoverishment, dilapidation of
thought processes, absence of social rapport, delusions,
hallucinations and peculiarities of conduct.
The question is whether the appellant is criminally
responsible for the acts done on November 25, 1961. Section
84 of the Indian Penal Code says :-
“Nothing is an offence which is done by a
person who, at the time of doing it, by reason
of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of
knowing the nature of the act, or that he is
doing what is either wrong or contrary to
law.”
To establish that the acts done are not offences under sec.
84 it must be proved clearly that at the time of the
commission of the act the appellant by reason of unsoundness
of mind was incapable of either knowing that the acts were
either morally wrong or contrary to law. The question is
whether the appellant was suffering from such incapacity at
the time of the commission of the acts. On this question,
the state of his mind before and after the crucial time is
relevant. There is evidence of a medical character that
between October 12, 1960 and January 12, 1961 he was
suffering from schizophrenia. He was completely cured of
this disease, on January 12, 1961 when he resumed his normal
duties. He had another attack of this disease in the middle
of December 1961. The attack lasted till September 1962
when he was found to be normal again. But it is to be
observed that the defence witnesses do not say that even
during these two periods the appellant was incapable of
discriminating between right and
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wrong or of knowing the physical nature of the acts done by
him.
After the appellant was cured of the disease on January 12,
1961 he was found to be normal. He had a highly strung tem-
perament and was easily excitable. But there is positive
evidence that even at the moment of his greatest excitement
he could distinguish between right and wrong. From January
12, upto November 24, 1961 he attended his office and
discharged his duties in a normal manner. On the morning of
November 25, 1961 his mind was normal. He went to and from
his office all alone. He wrote a sensible application
asking for casual leave for one day. At 1.45 p.m. he
stabbed and killed a child and soon thereafter he stabbed
two other persons. On his arrest soon after 2.45 p.m. he
gave normal and intelligent answers to the investigating
officers. Nothing abnormal in him was noticed till December
16, 1961.
The thing in favour of the appellant is that though he had a
motive for attacking Baburam, no clear motive for attacking
the child Leela or Parbati is discernible. But there is
clear evidence to show that he knew that his act of stabbing
and killing was wrong and contrary to law. He concealed the
weapon of offence. The knife could not be recovered in
spite of searches. He bolted the front door of his house to
prevent arrest. He then tried to run away by the back door.
When an attempt was made to apprehend him he ran back to his
house and bolted the door. He then tried to disperse the
crowd by throwing brickbats from the, roof. His conduct
immediately after the occurrence displays consciousness of
his guilt. He knew the physical nature of stabbing. He
knew that the stabbing would kill and maim his victims. On
a comprehensive review of the entire evidence the two courts
below concurrently found that the defence of insanity under
sec. 84 was not made out. We are unable to say that the
verdict of the courts below is erroneous.
If a person by reason of unsoundness of mind is incapable of
knowing the nature of the act or that he is doing what is
either wrong or contrary to law he cannot be guilty of any
criminal intent. Such a person lacks the requisite mens rea
and is entitled to an acquittal. But it is not established
in the present case that the appellant was suffering from
this incapacity. The general burden is on the prosecution
to prove beyond reasonable doubt not only the actus reus but
also the mens rea. The prosecution satisfactorily
discharged this burden. The appellant was not insane at the
time of the killing and stabbing and he knew the
consequences of those acts. We must hold that he is
criminally responsible for the acts.
In the result, the appeal is dismissed. R.K.P.S. Appeal
dismissed.
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