JUDGMENT
V.A. Mohta, J.
Between the father and the mother to whom custody of minor child of tender age should be given is the usual but delicate question to be determined in this appeal.
1. Cruz Fernandes, the respondent-husband, mas married to Palmira, the Appellant-wife on 2nd of February, 1986. They belong to Christian religion and were married as per Christian rites. Child Ian is the offspring of that marriage, born on 6th November, 1986. Marriage, unfortunately, was caught in rough weather. Even since 11th December 1990, the husband and wife are living separately.
2. Palmira filed a petition Under Section 25 of the Guardian & Wards Act. 1890 (the Act) for custody of lan on 7th February 1991 before the Family Court, Bombay. By order dated 9th July, 1991, the Family Court granted to her only the access to the child but not the custody. She has appealed.
3. Basic facts are :
Palmira is a Commerce Graduate serving in Punjab National Bank, receiving pay packet of Rs. 3000/- per month after all deductions including towards repayment of loans for a flat at Virar, Bombay. Presently, she is living with her parents and unmarried brother in a small room in Bazar Road, Bandra, Bombay. Cruz Fernandes is S.S. C., serving in M/s. Varun Shipping Company as a Chief Steward and his duties regularly take him to long voyages. Once on ship he does not return to Bombay for six months or even more. He lived separately with Palmira but after they parted company he lives with his widowed mother and sisters at Borivli, Bombay. His monthly pay packet is Rs. 5,000/-. lan is taking education in Senior K.G. Class in Don Bosco High School at Borivli. It ii a famous school. lan is equally attached to her rather, the mother and the grand mother.
4. The Family Court refused custody to the mother on the grounds that: (i) father is the natural guardian and ii not unfit for custody; (ii) child is also attached to his grandmother; (iii) mother is working woman and hence has to remain away from the house during duty hours, and (iv) mother is living in a congested locality in a small non airy room where even the tailoring business is carried on by her father.
5. Having heard parties at considerable length, we are unable to uphold the impugned order and so also the approach adopted by the Trial Court, for the reasons that follow.
6. What the Trial Court has missed totally is the tender age of the child and the importance of mother’s lap, love and care in rearing up such a child. Paramount consideration for custody of a child is his welfare and not rights of parties or guardians. Welfare of a child particularly when he is offender age cannot be measured in terms of money and physical comforts only. “Welfare” is a multi faceted phenomenon which includes several factors-physical as well as emotional. Father is no doubt the natural guardian of the child but custody and guardianship are not wholly identical concepts. Often arise cases where it is not proper to give custody of the child taking into considerations the demands of welfare of a child at a given point of time. Custody, by its nature, is a temporary phenomenon and can vary from time to time.
7. Cruz Fernandes is no doubt not disqualified to act as a natural guardian but most of the times he is out of home for months together. The child it, therefore, de facto in the custody of grandmother. In substance, the choice therefore is to be made between the grandmother and the mother.
8. In this context, we may notice the following observation of this Court in the case of Saraswatibai Shripad Ved v. Shripad Vasanji Ved, AIR 1941 Bombay 103 :
“The modem view of Judges in England if that it is impossible, in the case of a young child, to find any adequate substitute for the love and care of the natural mother. If the natural mother is a suitable person, the Courts in England will as a general rule hand over the custody of a child of tender years to the mother. The mother’s position is regarded as of much more importance in modern times than it was in former days, when a wife was regarded us little more than the chattel of her husband. The view of society in India as to the position of women may not have advanced so far or so fast as in England, but at the same time the right of the mother to the custody of her young children is, undoubtedly recognized in this country.”
9. A period of nearly one half decade has passed on after the above judgment. During this period, attitude of the Indian society towards the woman and the wife has fast advanced.
10. In the instant case, we are unable lo notice any disqualification in the mother to deprive the child much needed tender care of mother and to deprive the mother of her natural right to live with the child. We find Palmira most suitable person to take charge of the child. She is more educated than Cruz Fernandes; she is independent being self employed, she has now even a ready flat of her own (as demonstrated before us by her during the course of hearing). No doubt she is & working woman, but unlike the father she returns home every evening and can be with the child for nearly two-thirds of the time even on a working day. Self employed mother is now a common phenomenon. The locality aspect docs not impress as much, in the circumstances. There is nothing unusual about lower middle class families living in one room tenements in Bombay. Even Cruz Fernandes, we ere informed, is living in a one-room tenement, though with a larger area.
11. It is submitted that in case the custody is given to the mother, the child would be uprooted from the present atmosphere. We are not impressed by the submission Child if only in K.G. Mother has left the area vary recently. Even during his period, child is visiting the mother and is with her during holidays and vacations. There are many other good schools in Bombay. There is no reason as to why Ian cannot be admitted in the other good school in the locality where mother lives.
12. In the passing and at the close of the cage, our attention was invited by the learned counsel for the respondent to certain features on record indicating that Palmira had taken treatment for mental tranquility and on that basis it was submitted that she was disqualified to have custody of the child. It does not appear that the respondent was very serious about this point. It was not pressed before the Family Court. Trouble had developed between the couple. Palmira was naturally disturbed. She had taken medicine for mental peace. There is no material to come to the conclusion that Palmira has any psychiatric problem.
13. Our attention was invited on behalf of the respondent to two decisions Kamalamma v. Laxminarayana Rao, AIR 1971 Mysore 211 where it has been held that in case of a Hindu minor boy, father is natural guardian and unless the natural guardian is unfit, there is no reason to appoint the mother as the guardian, Reginald Danieal v. Sarojam, was also essentially a guardianship matter. Even in that case custody of the minor was given to the mother despite observations that the father is the natural guardian and unless he is unfit none else should be appointed as a guardian.
The ratio of the above decisions will have no application to the instant matter.
14. In this context, useful reference may be made to the following observation of the Supreme Court in the case of Rosy Jacob v Jacob A Chakramakkal, .
“There is no dichotomy between the fitness of the father to be entrusted with the custody of his minor children and considerations of their welfare. The father’s fitness has to be considered, determined and weighed predominantly in terms of the welfare of his minor children in the context of all the relevant circumstances. If the custody of the father cannot promote their welfare equally or better than that custody of the mother, then, he cannot claim indefeasible right to their custody Under Section 25 merely because there is no defect in his personal character and he has attachment for his children which every normal parcel has.”
15. We had the opportunity of taking short interview of the child lam in the Chamber in the presence as well as in the absence of his parents. The child is extremely smart and lovely. He loves both his parents equally. It is apparent that parents also have great affection for him. Will it be too much to expect them to iron out their difference for the sake of the lovely child? There is ray of hope because, we arc told that none is intended in divorce. But this ray of hope cannot detain the decision of this appeal.
16. To conclude, the appeal succeeds, the impugned order is quashed and set aside and mother’s petition for custody of child is allowed. Welfare of child demands access of father and though that also his love and affection Arrangement for access made by the trial Court for the mother can be made with some variations for the father. Hence the following order :
ORDER
Child lan be given in the custody of the mother Palmira. Father Cruz Fernandes will have access to the child (if there is no school) every week end at 6 p.m. when the father or his mother or sisters may take away the child. They should reach the child to the mother on every Sunday at 6 p.m.
Father, his mother or sisters are further entitled to have access of the child in later one half period of holidays exceeding a period of one week. They will have to reach the child at mother’s house after expiry of the period.
Mother is directed to ensure that bonds of the child with his father and grandmother arc not disturbed.
Progress card of the child he supplied by the mother to the father.
Orders be sought from the trial Court, in case of difficulty.
Certified copy of this order be given expeditiously.
No costs.