JUDGMENT
Vishnu Sahai, J.
1. Through this writ petition, preferred under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, the petitioner-detenu Shushil Singh has impugned the order dated 22-9-2002 passed by the first respondent Mr. Ashok Kumar Singh, District Magistrate, Kheri, detaining him under Section 3(2) of the National Security Act (hereinafter referred to as the N.S.A. Act)
The detention order along with the grounds of detention, which are also dated 22-9-2002, was served on the petitioner detenu on 22-9-2002 itself and their true copies are annexed as Annexure Nos. 1 and 2 respectively to the writ petition.
2. The prejudicial activities of the petitioner detenu impelling, the first respondent to issue the impugned detention order against him are contained in the grounds of detention (annexure-2). A perusal of Annexure-2 would show that the impugned order is founded on a solitary C. R. namely, C. R. No. 168/2002, Under Sections 147/148/149/ 302/307/452/504/506/379 I.P.C. and 3(2)(V) S.C./S.T. Act, of police – Station Maigalganj, District Kheri, instituted on the complaint dated 25-7-2002 lodged by one Rajendra Prassad Raidas at the said police station. Since in our view, a reference to them is not necessary for the adjudication of the pleadings contained in paragraph-17 of the petition and ground (f) of para 24 thereof on which this petition deserves to succeed we are not adverting to them.
3. We have heard learned Counsel for the parties.
The pleadings contained in paragraph 17 of the petition and ground (f) of para 24 thereof are that the petitioner was not communicated the fact that he had a right to make a representation to detaining authority before approval of the detention order by the State Govt.
Mr. R. C. Gupta, learned Counsel for the petitioner-detenu strenuously urged that a perusal of the grounds of detention makes it manifest that the petitioner-detenu was only informed that if he wanted he could make a representation to the detaining authority and was not apprised that he had a right to make a representation to him prior to the approval of the detention order by the State Government. To bring home his submission he placed before us the relevant portion of the grounds of detention which read thus: “Yadi Aap Chahen To Mujhey Bhi Apana Abhyavedan De Sakate Hai”. (In English it would mean that in case you want you can give your representation to me). Mr. Gupta urged that what was conveyed to the detenu in the grounds of detention was that he had an option to make a representation. He contended that there is a world of difference between an option to make a representation and the right to make one; in the former situation the detenu may or may not make a representation but in the latter would invariably make one. Mr. Gupta urged that since the Supreme Court in paragraph 8 of the oft-quoted case of State of Maharashtra v. Santosh Shanker Acharya reported in 2000 Allahabad Criminal Cases 704 (AIR 2000 SC 2504) has held in a prevention of detention under Section 3(2) of the Prevention of Dangerous Activities of Slumlords, Bootleggers, Drugs Offenders and Dangerous persons Act, 1981 (hereinafter referred to as the MPDA Act) that in view Section 3, 8 and 14 of the said Act that till the detention order is approved by the State Government the detenu has a right to make representation to detaining authority and non-communication of this right constitutes an infraction of fundamental right guaranteed by Article 22(5) of the Constitution of India and vitiates the detention order and since the provisions contained in Sections 3, 8 and 14 of the N.S.A. are analogous to those contained in Sections 3, 8 and 14 of the M.P.D.A. Act, the said ratio would be squarely applicable to the said case and the impugned detention order would have to be quashed.
4. The pleadings contained in para 17 and the grounds 24(f) of the petition have been replied to in paragraph 9 of the return of the detaining authority. The aforesaid paragraph reads thus :
“That the contents of paras 16, 17 and 18 are false, frivolous and incorrect, hence denied. It is wholly incorrect to say that the petitioner was not informed about the right and period in which he had to make a representation to the detaining authority, before approval to the State Government and also to submit a representation before District Magistrate, Kheri, State of U.P. and Union of India. It is respectfully submitted that in the detention order it is clearly and specifically mentioned about the right and period in which the petitioner could move a representation to the detaining authority i.e. deponent and also to the State and Central Government within stipulated period of three weeks (21 days).”
Mr. S. K. Singh, learned Counsel for the respondents 1 to 3 strenuously contended that since in the grounds of detention the petitioner-detenu has been informed by the detaining authority “Yadi Aap Chahe To Mujhey Bhi Apana Abhyavedan De Sakate Ho.” (In case you want you can give your representation to me), it cannot be said that the impugned detention is vitiated because the petitioner-detenu was not communicated by the detaining authority in the grounds of detention of his right to make a representation to him.
5. We have examined the averments contained in the rival returns considered the rival submissions and gone through the provisions contained in the N.S.A. the M.P.D.A. Act and ratio laid down by the Apex Court in Santosh Shanker Acharya’s case (Supra) and make no bones in observing that since the provisions contained in Sections 3, 8 and 14 of the N.S.A. are analogous to those contained in Sections 3, 8, and 14 of the M.P.D.A. Act, the ratio laid down in Santosh Shankar Acharya’s case would be fully applicable. We make no bones in observing that we find the submission of Mr. S.K. Singh to be devoid of substance for two reasons, namely :
(a) the detaining authority has communicated to the detenu in the grounds of detention that he had an option to make a representation and not a right to make. There is world of difference between an option to make a representation and the right to make a representation. In our judgment if the former is communicated the detenu may or may not make a representation but if the latter is communicated he would invariably make one. At any rate when the ratio laid down in Santosh Shanker Acharya’s case (Supra) is that prior to the approval of detention order by the State Government, the detenu has a right to make a representation, it is imperative that he should have been informed that he had a right to make a representation and not an option to make one.
In the oft-quoted case of Smt. Shalini Soni v. Union of India, reported in AIR 1981 Supreme Court 431 (1980 Cri LJ 1487) in paragraph 4, Justice O. Chinnappa Reddy observed thus :
“Since all the constitutional protection that a detenu can claim is the little that is afforded by the procedural safeguards prescribed by Article 22(5) read with Article 19, the Courts have a duty to rigidly insist that preventive detention, procedures be fair and strictly observed. A breach of the procedural imperative must lead to the release of the Detenu.”
If the ratio laid down in Shalini Soni’s case (Supra) is to be applied, the failure to communicate to the petitioner-detenu that he had a right to make a representation would vitiate the detention order.
(b) The right of the detenu to make a representation to the detaining authority is only available to the detenu till the approval of the detention order by the State Government. It consequently follows as a logical imperative that it is incumbent upon the detaining authority to disclose to the detenu in the grounds of detention the time till which he could have exercised his right. A perusal of the grounds of detention shows that the detenu has not been communicated therein the time till which he could exercise this right. The rationale for conveying to the detenu the time till which the said right is available to him is for all what we may know the detenu may be labouring under the belief that his right to make a representation to the detaining authority would be available to him till the last day of the period of his detention. In a preventive detention matter the benefit of any omission, ambiguity or vagueness would always enure to the advantage of the detenu.
6. Article 22(5) of the Constitution of India reads thus :
“When any person is detained in pursuance of an order made under any law providing for preventive detention, the authority making the order shall, as soon as may be, communicate to such person the grounds on which the order has been made and shall afford him the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the order.”
A perusal of Article 22(5) would show that it confers upon the detenu two distinct fundamental rights namely, (i) of being communicated by the detaining authority, as soon as may be, the grounds of detention; and (ii) of being afforded by the detaining authority the earliest opportunity of making a representation against the detention order. In our judgment in the instant case, both the facets of the detenu’s fundamental right guaranteed by Article 22(5) are violated.
In our view since the petitioner detenu was not communicated that his right to make a representation to the detaining authority was only available to him till the approval of the detention order by the State Government there has only been a partial communication of his fundamental right of being communicated the grounds of detention and for the reasons mentioned earlier the aforesaid partial communication would amount to non communication of the grounds of detention violating the first facet of the fundamental right guaranteed to the detenu by Article 22(5) of the Constitution. Apart from it since in the grounds of detention the duration in which the detenu could exercise his right to make a representation to the detaining authority has not been spelt out, the second facet of the fundamental right of the detenu guaranteed by Article 22(5) of the constitution of India, namely, of being afforded by the detaining authority the earliest opportunity of making representation against the detention order also stands infracted.
7. We make no bones in observing that eternal vigilance is the price which the law expects from the detaining authority if he wants a detention order to be upheld by this court in its jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In his laxity lies the liberty of the detenu. And lax indeed he has been because he has not communicated to the detenu that he had a right to make a representation to him and the said right was only available to him till approval of the detention order by the State Govt.
8. For the aforesaid reasons, we allow this writ petition; quash and set aside the impugned detention order; and direct that the petitioner detenu Sushil Singh be released forthwith unless wanted in some other case.